Anatomy of Nervous system

• What are the key functions of the nervous system?

  • Communication
  • Regulation of internal events
  • Behavioral organization
  • Storage of information
  • Sensations, perceptions, and emotions
• What are the two main organizational arrangements of the nervous system?

  Structural and Functional
• What are the components of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
• What are the components of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

  • Spinal Nerves
  • Cranial Nerves
• What is the weight of the human brain?

  1. 5 kg
• What are the folds on the surface of the cerebrum called?

  Gyri and sulci
• How many neurons are in the human brain?

  86 billion neurons
• What is the role of the mesencephalon?

  It is involved in vision, hearing, motor function, and arousal state
• What are the main functions of the different lobes of the brain?

  • Frontal Lobe: Executive functions, long-term memory, speech, movement, personality
  • Parietal Lobe: Sensory integration, language interpretation, spatial/visual perception
  • Occipital Lobe: Visual processing (color, light)
  • Temporal Lobe: Primary auditory cortex, memory, understanding language
• What are the types of glial cells and their functions?

  • Astrocytes: Nutrient supply to neurons in the CNS
  • Microglia: Defense role; phagocytic
  • Ependymal cells: Production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • Oligodendrocytes: Neuronal support and myelin formation in the CNS
  • Schwann cells: Neuronal support and myelin formation in the PNS
• What is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) used for?

  • Assessing consciousness
  • Eye opening (4 points)
  • Verbal response (5 points)
  • Motor response (6 points)
• What are the protective membranes surrounding the spinal cord called?

  Meninges
• What is the function of spinal nerves?

  • Contains sensory and motor axons
  • Supplies structures in defined body parts
  • Sensory regions are called dermatomes
  • Motor axons supply muscle blocks called myotomes
• What are cranial nerves and their function?

  • 12 pairs connected to the brain and brainstem
  • Provide sensory and motor supply to head and neck structures
• Name the cranial nerves.


  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal

  10. Vagus

  11. Spinal accessory

  12. Hypoglossal
• What is the focus of the book "Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves"?

  • Anatomy of cranial nerves with high-resolution images
  • Clinical examination and related pathologies
  • Organized anatomical topics for clinical application
• Who is the intended readership for "Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves"?

  • Neurologists
  • Clinical neuroscientists
  • Neurophysiologists
  • Neurosurgeons
  • Medical, dental, and anatomy students
• What are the components of the autonomic nervous system?

  • Visceral afferent fibers
  • Visceral efferent fibers: sympathetic (thoracolumbar; T1-L2) and parasympathetic (craniosacral; S2-4)
• What are the components of the somatic nervous system?

  • Somatic sensory system
  • Somatic motor system
• What is the approximate weight of the adult brain?

  1. 5 kg
• What percentage of an adult's body weight does the brain comprise?

  2%
• If the brain were unraveled, what would be its approximate area?

  1 square metre
• What are the main functions of the brain?

  • Communication between body parts
  • Regulation of bodily functions (heart rate, breathing, etc.)
  • Behavioral interactions with society and environment
  • Storage of memories (short and long term)
  • Sensation processing (pain, touch, temperature)
• How does frontal lobe pathology affect behavior?

  It can lead to loss of inhibitions and altered responses to life events
• How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

  31 pairs
• What are the names of the spinal nerves based on their location?

  Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
• How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

  12 pairs
• What is the primary function of the vagus nerve?

  It innervates the heart, lungs, and gut
• What is the difference between somatic and visceral cells?

  Somatic cells are body cells, while visceral cells are internal organ cells
• What does afferent mean in the context of the nervous system?

  Afferent means arriving into the spinal cord and brain
• What does efferent mean in the context of the nervous system?

  Efferent means exiting the brain and spinal cord
• What is the role of the autonomic nervous system?

  It controls involuntary bodily functions
• What do somatic and visceral efferents supply?

  Somatic efferents supply skeletal muscle, while visceral efferents supply smooth muscle, glands, and cardiac muscle
• How many neurons are in the pathway for visceral efferents?

  There are 2 neurons in that pathway
• What separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

  The longitudinal fissure
• What are the two main types of matter in the cerebral hemispheres?

  Grey matter and white matter
• What is gyri and sulci in the brain?

  Gyri are ridges, and sulci are grooves in the brain
• Why is the folding of the brain important?

  It increases surface area within the limited space of the skull
• What does the cerebellum control?

  It controls movement coordination and precision
• What does the brainstem comprise?

  The midbrain, pons, and medulla