biological approach

• What does the biological approach investigate in relation to behavior?

  The influence of genes, biological structures, and neurochemistry on behavior.
• How do genotype and phenotype differ?

  Genotype refers to the genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to observable characteristics.
• What are twin studies used for in the biological approach?

  To determine the likelihood that certain traits have a genetic basis.
• What are the two types of twins studied in genetics?

  Monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins.
• What is the significance of concordance rates in twin studies?

  They indicate the extent to which both twins share the same characteristics.
• What is a recessive gene?

  A gene that only shows if the individual has two copies of it.
• How does a dominant gene differ from a recessive gene?

  A dominant gene always shows, even if there is only one copy present.
• What does the genotype represent?

  The particular set of genes that a person possesses.
• What does phenotype describe?

  The combined effects of genetic makeup and the surrounding environment on behavior.
• What is an example of a genetic disorder that can affect learning?

  Phenylketonuria (PKU).
• What is the purpose of adoption studies in genetics?

  To compare traits between adopted children and their biological or adoptive parents.
• What is the definition of natural selection?

  The process by which characteristics that are not suited to a species’ environment die out over generations.
• How does sexual selection differ from natural selection?

  Sexual selection involves choosing mates based on specific traits, while natural selection involves survival advantages.
• What is neurochemistry concerned with?

  Chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning.
• What is the relationship between neurotransmitter imbalances and behavior?

  Imbalances in neurotransmitters are associated with abnormal behavior.
• What is the concordance rate for autism in monozygotic twins?

  36% to 91%.
• What does the nature-nurture debate highlight?

  The relative influence of biology and environment on individual characteristics.
• What is a criticism of the biological approach regarding nature and nurture?

  It fails to acknowledge the interaction between genetics and environmental conditions.
• What does a biologically determinist view suggest about behavior?

  All behavior is governed by internal biological causes over which we have no control.
• How might the biological approach impact the legal system?

  It suggests that offenders may not be fully responsible for their actions due to biological causes.
• What are the key components of the biological approach?

  • Genetics
  • Genotype and phenotype
  • Twin studies (MZ and DZ)
  • Adoption studies
  • Concordance rates
  • Natural selection
  • Neurochemistry
  • Dominant and recessive genes
  • Evolution
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the biological approach?

  Strengths:

  • Uses scientific methods (e.g., fMRI, EEG)
  • Provides reliable data
  • Real-life applications (e.g., psychoactive drugs)

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Overemphasizes genetics (determinism)
  • Ignores interactionist perspectives (nature vs. nurture)
• What are the implications of neurochemistry in behavior?

  • Imbalances in neurotransmitters can lead to abnormal behavior.
  • Low serotonin linked to depression.
  • High dopamine linked to schizophrenia.
• What is the role of twin studies in understanding genetics?

  • Compare concordance rates between MZ and DZ twins.
  • Assess genetic vs. environmental influences on traits.
• What is the significance of natural selection in evolution?

  • Traits that provide survival advantages are passed on.
  • Adaptive traits remain in future generations.
• How does sexual selection influence human behavior?

  • Females prefer traits indicating resources and ambition.
  • Males prefer younger females for fertility.
• What is the impact of the biological approach on treatment methods?

  • Development of psychoactive drugs for mental health.
  • Offers alternatives to traditional therapies.