Infection & Response

• What are the four types of pathogens that can cause infectious diseases?

  Viruses, bacteria, protists, and fungi
• How can diseases caused by pathogens be spread in animals and plants?

  Through direct contact, water, or air
• What is the role of pathogens in infectious diseases?

  Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious disease
• How do bacteria and viruses reproduce inside the body?

  Bacteria and viruses may reproduce rapidly
• What effect do bacteria have on the body when they produce toxins?

  They damage tissues and make us feel ill
• Where do viruses live and reproduce?

  Inside cells
• What is the consequence of viruses reproducing inside cells?

  They cause cell damage
• How can the spread of diseases caused by pathogens be reduced or prevented?

  • Maintain good hygiene
  • Vaccination
  • Quarantine infected individuals
  • Use of disinfectants
  • Proper sanitation practices
• What is the definition of pathogens?

  Microorganisms that cause infectious disease
• How do the reproduction methods of bacteria and viruses differ in the body?

  Bacteria reproduce rapidly, while viruses require host cells to reproduce
• What are the potential effects of toxins produced by bacteria?

  They can damage tissues and lead to illness
• What happens to cells when viruses reproduce inside them?

  Cells experience damage
• What are the symptoms of measles?

  Fever and a red skin rash
• Why is measles considered a serious illness?

  It can be fatal if complications arise
• What is the primary method of preventing measles in young children?

  Vaccination against measles
• How is the measles virus transmitted?

  By inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs
• What initial symptoms does HIV cause?

  A flu-like illness
• What happens if HIV is not controlled with antiretroviral drugs?

  The virus attacks the body’s immune cells
• What is late stage HIV infection also known as?

  AIDS
• What occurs during late stage HIV infection?

  The body's immune system becomes severely damaged
• How is HIV primarily spread?

  By sexual contact or exchange of body fluids
• What is a common way HIV is transmitted among drug users?

  By sharing needles
• What is the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)?

  A widespread plant pathogen
• Which plants are affected by the tobacco mosaic virus?

  Many species of plants including tomatoes
• What distinctive pattern does TMV cause on leaves?

  A mosaic pattern of discolouration
• How does TMV affect plant growth?

  It affects growth due to lack of photosynthesis
• What is rose black spot?

  It is a fungal disease affecting rose plants.
• What symptoms are associated with rose black spot?

  Purple or black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early.
• How does rose black spot affect plant growth?

  It reduces photosynthesis, affecting the growth of the plant.
• How is rose black spot spread in the environment?

  It is spread by water or wind.
• What are the methods to treat rose black spot?

  Using fungicides and/or removing and destroying the affected leaves.
• What are the key characteristics of rose black spot disease?

  • Fungal disease
  • Symptoms: purple or black spots on leaves
  • Leaves turn yellow and drop early
  • Reduces photosynthesis
  • Spread by water or wind
  • Treatment: fungicides and removal of affected leaves
• What type of organisms cause malaria?

  Protists
• What is a key component of the life cycle of the malarial protist?

  The mosquito
• What are the symptoms of malaria?

  Recurrent episodes of fever
• How can malaria be fatal?

  It can lead to severe complications if untreated
• What methods are used to control the spread of malaria?

  • Preventing mosquito breeding
  • Using mosquito nets to avoid bites
• What is the role of mosquitoes in the spread of malaria?

  They act as vectors for the malarial protist
• Why is it important to prevent mosquitoes from breeding?

  To control the spread of malaria
• How do mosquito nets help in malaria prevention?

  They provide a barrier to avoid being bitten