CHiP

• What is the traditional view of science referred to as?

  Natural Philosophy
• What does the traditional view of science emphasize?

  The observation of facts
• How are facts defined in the context of the traditional view of science?

  Facts are things that happen independently from the observer
• What is an example of a fact that occurs regardless of who observes it?

  Gravity
• What must scientists use to build their theories?

  Facts
• What method do scientists use to analyze patterns from facts?

  The method of induction
• What does the method of induction involve?

  Observing facts and then building theories around those facts
• What is a significant problem with the theory of induction?

  You cannot observe all of the facts
• What does the example of "All swans are white" illustrate about the theory of induction?

  One black swan can invalidate the entire theory
• Why is the limitation of observing all facts a problem for science?

  It means that laws are based on limited information
• What does the limitation of facts imply about scientific laws?

  They are not general to the state of the world regardless of who is observing it
• What did people realize about science in the 20th century?

  They didn’t actually know what science is.
• What do the Logical Positivists assert about science?

  Science must be logical and follow a positivist point of view.
• According to Logical Positivists, what must all knowledge be based on?

  Logical facts.
• Why is it considered meaningless to talk about things as fact if they cannot be directly observed?

  Because they cannot be verified through observation.
• What is an example of something that cannot be directly observed, according to the text?

  God.
• What must you be able to do to verify a scientific claim?

  Verify it through observation.
• What method does positivism rely on, and what additional requirement does it have?

  It is based on the method of induction and requires a new step of verification.
• How can we observe something that is inobservable, according to the text?

  By observing something representative of it, like an apple falling from a height.
• What is a challenge mentioned regarding some scientific laws?

  Some scientific laws are inobservable.
• What concept arose from the discussion of observable versus inobservable phenomena?

  Operationalisation.
• What limitation does positivism have regarding scientific claims?

  It doesn’t do a very good job of separating scientific claims from unscientific claims.
• How could an astrologer's claim be mistakenly considered scientific?

  If an event they predicted occurs, it is verified.
• What must we decide to differentiate scientific claims from non-scientific claims?

  How to separate what is scientific from what is not scientific.
• What are the key principles of Logical Positivism?

  • Science must be logical.
  • Knowledge must be based on logical facts.
  • Claims must be verifiable through observation.
  • Induction is the primary method, with a need for verification.
• What are the implications of operationalisation in scientific inquiry?

  • Allows observation of representative phenomena.
  • Helps in verifying inobservable scientific laws.
  • Bridges the gap between theory and empirical evidence.
• What is the problem of demarcation concerned with?

  How to differentiate between scientific and non-scientific
• Who proposed the problem of demarcation in the early 20th century?

  Karl Popper
• What other facets of human experience does the problem of demarcation consider?

  Art, philosophy, and beliefs
• What did Karl Popper propose about the problem of induction and verification?

  They are not enough to qualify something as science
• What must there be to qualify something as science, according to Popper?

  At least some attempt to falsify the evidence
• What happens if there is no falsification achieved, according to Popper?

  The problem can be assumed as fact
• What is a key concept proposed by Karl Popper in the Philosophy of science?

  The problem of demarcation
• Why is falsification important in Popper's definition of science?

  It distinguishes scientific claims from non-scientific ones
• What theory did Einstein propose regarding light?

  Einstein predicted that light will bend around the moon.
• How was Einstein's theory verified?

  It was verified via observation during a solar eclipse.
• Why was Popper unconvinced by the observation of light bending during the eclipse?

  He believed they may have been observing the light’s effect on something else.
• What does Popper suggest is necessary to prove a theory correct?

  It must be tested to try to prove it wrong.
• What is the criterion of the scientific status of a theory according to Popper?

  Its falsifiability, or refutability, or testability.
• What must a scientific theory be in order to be considered valid?

  A scientific theory must be falsifiable.