infection and responce

• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that cause infectious disease
• What types of microorganisms are included in pathogens?

  Viruses, bacteria, protists, and fungi
• How can pathogens spread?

  Through direct contact, water, or air
• What is a characteristic of viruses?

  They are very small
• How do viruses replicate?

  They move into cells and use the cell's biochemistry to make copies
• What happens to the cell when a virus replicates?

  The cell bursts, releasing copies into the bloodstream
• What effect does viral damage have on an individual?

  It makes the individual feel ill
• How do bacteria multiply?

  By dividing through a process called binary fission
• What do bacteria produce that can damage cells?

  Toxins
• What is a characteristic of protists?

  Some are parasitic
• How do fungi reproduce?

  They can produce spores
• What is one way pathogens can spread through direct contact?

  Touching contaminated surfaces
• What is a common example of air transmission of pathogens?

  Droplet infection from sneezing or coughing
• How can the spread of diseases be reduced?

  By improving hygiene and reducing contact with infected individuals
• What is one method of improving hygiene?

  Hand washing
• How can vaccination help prevent disease?

  By injecting a harmless pathogen to build immunity
• What is the main concern regarding bacterial diseases?

  They are becoming resistant to antibiotics
• What are the symptoms of measles?

  Fever and red skin rash
• How is measles spread?

  Through droplet infection
• How can HIV be prevented?

  By using condoms and not sharing needles
• What are the symptoms of Salmonella food poisoning?

  Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, and diarrhoea
• How is Salmonella spread?

  Through raw meat and eggs
• What is a symptom of gonorrhoea?

  Thick yellow or green discharge
• How is gonorrhoea spread?

  Through unprotected sexual contact
• What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

  Purple or black spots on leaves
• How is malaria spread?

  By the female Anopheles mosquito
• What is the role of the skin in the human defense system?

  It acts as a physical barrier and produces antimicrobial secretions
• What do white blood cells do in the specific immune system?

  They destroy pathogens that pass through the non-specific immune system
• What is phagocytosis?

  Engulfing and consuming pathogens
• What happens when antibodies bind to a pathogen?

  Pathogens clump together, making it easier for white blood cells to find them
• What is herd immunity?

  Immunizing a large proportion of the population to reduce pathogen spread
• What do antibiotics do?

  They kill bacterial pathogens inside the body
• Why can't antibiotics kill viruses?

  Because viruses use body cells to reproduce
• What is one advantage of vaccination?

  They have eradicated many diseases
• What is a disadvantage of vaccination?

  They are not always effective in providing immunity
• What can cause antibiotic resistance?

  Mutations during reproduction of bacteria
• How can we prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant strains?

  By stopping overusing antibiotics and finishing courses
• What is the role of drug testing?

  To test for toxicity, efficacy, and dose
• What are the main components of the human defense system?

  • Non-specific defense system:
  • Skin: physical barrier, antimicrobial secretions
  • Nose: hairs and mucus to trap particles
  • Trachea and bronchi: mucus secretion and cilia action
  • Stomach: hydrochloric acid to kill pathogens
  • Specific immune system:
  • White blood cells: phagocytosis, antibody production, antitoxins
• What are the methods of preventing the spread of diseases?

  • Improving hygiene: hand washing, disinfectants
  • Reducing contact with infected individuals
  • Removing vectors: pesticides, habitat removal
  • Vaccination: injecting harmless pathogens to build immunity