Geog

• What are the main sections of the GCSE Geography Paper 1?

  Section A: Tectonic Hazards, Weather Hazards, Climate Change; Section B: Ecosystems, Tropical Rainforests, Cold Environments; Section C: Coasts, Rivers
• What is the definition of a natural hazard?

  • A natural event (earthquake, volcanic eruption, tropical storm, etc.)
  • Poses harm to people and property
• What are the types of natural hazards?

  Atmospheric, geomorphological, flooding
• What factors increase hazard risk?

  Urbanisation, agriculture, poverty, climate change
• What does the plate tectonic theory state?

  The Earth's crust is split into several tectonic plates
• Where are earthquakes primarily found?

  In belts along all plate margins
• Why are some earthquakes found away from plate margins?

  Due to human activity such as fracking
• Where are volcanoes primarily distributed?

  In belts along constructive and destructive plate margins, and hotspots
• What processes occur at destructive margins?

  Subduction, ocean trench formation, composite volcanoes, fold mountains, earthquakes
• What processes occur at constructive margins?

  Plates move away from each other, ridge push, shield volcanoes, earthquakes

  
• What happens at conservative margins?

  Plates move past each other side by side, causing earthquakes
• What were the primary effects of the Gorka, Nepal earthquake (2015)?

  • 9000 dead, 20,000 injured
  • 7000 schools collapsed, 500,000 homes destroyed
  • Communication lines broken
  • 1.4 million needed food, water, shelter
• What were the primary effects of the Maule, Chile earthquake (2010)?

  • 500 dead, 12,000 injured
  • 4500 schools damaged, 220,000 homes destroyed
  • Power lost
  • Ports and airport damaged
• What were the secondary effects of the Gorka, Nepal earthquake?

  • 3 million homeless
  • Landslides and avalanches on Everest
  • 250 missing from avalanche
  • Evacuation due to blocked Gandaki River
• What were the secondary effects of the Maule, Chile earthquake?

  • Estimates of 1.5 million homeless
  • Tsunamis devastated coastal towns
  • Remote communities cut off by landslides
  • Fire at a chemical plant near Santiago
• What were the immediate responses to the Gorka, Nepal earthquake?

  • International help requested
  • Search & rescue, water and medical supplies from UK, India, China
  • Field hospitals set up
  • 500,000 tents provided
• What were the immediate responses to the Maule, Chile earthquake?

  • Emergency services acted quickly
  • Field hospitals set up
  • Satellite phones used and floating bridges
  • Power and water restored to 90% of homes
• What were the long-term responses to the Gorka, Nepal earthquake?

  • Roads repaired and landslides cleared
  • Stricter laws on building codes
  • New trekking routes opened on Everest
  • Reconstruction plan launched for 200,000 homes
• What were the long-term responses to the Maule, Chile earthquake?

  • Copper exports helped restore the economy
  • Up to four years to recover
• Why do people live near tectonic hazards?

  Poverty, low frequency of events, geothermal energy, agriculture
• What are the methods for reducing the effects of tectonic hazards?

  • Monitoring: ground deformation, water pressure changes
  • Predicting: past events, smaller earthquakes
  • Planning: seismic maps, building regulations
  • Protecting: earthquake-resistant buildings, drills
• What is the general atmospheric circulation pattern?

  Low pressure belts at 0 and 60 degrees, high pressure belts at 30 and 90 degrees
• Where do tropical storms typically form?

  Between 5 and 30 degrees north and south of the equator
• What are the causes of tropical storms?

  Warm oceans, Coriolis effect, low air pressure, condensation
• What are the features of a tropical storm?

  Eye (calm weather), eyewall (strong winds and heavy rain)
• How will climate change affect tropical storms?

  It will increase their intensity and frequency
• What were the primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan (2013)?

  • 50% of houses destroyed
  • 6190 dead
  • 75% of farmers and fishermen lost income
  • Damage to rice crops cost $53 million
• What were the secondary effects of Typhoon Haiyan (2013)?

  • 4.1 million homeless
  • Infection and disease spread due to contaminated water
  • 8 dead in a stampede for rice crops
  • Power supplies cut off for a month
• What were the immediate responses to Typhoon Haiyan (2013)?

  • Government televised a warning to evacuate
  • Over 1200 evacuation centres set up
  • Emergency aid arrived 3 days later
  • 800,000 people evacuated
• What were the long-term responses to Typhoon Haiyan (2013)?

  • Cash for work programme to clear debris
  • More cyclone shelters built
  • Mangroves replanted
  • Build back better recovery plan launched in 2014
• What are the methods for reducing the effects of tropical storms?

  • Monitoring: satellite imagery to spot cloud formation
  • Predicting: path of tropical storm using satellite data
  • Protection: shutters, storm drains, cyclone shelters
  • Planning: awareness through education, survival packs
• What are some weather hazards in the UK?

  Drought, snow, flooding, storms, heavy rainfall, heatwaves
• What were the social effects of the flooding in the UK?

  • More than 600 homes flooded
  • Sixteen farms evacuated
  • Temporary accommodation needed for several months
  • Communities cut off
• What were the economic effects of the flooding in the UK?

  • Over 14,000 hectares of agricultural land flooded
  • Railway lines closed and roads cut off
  • £10 million damage cost
• What were the environmental effects of the flooding in the UK?

  • Rivers contaminated with sewage, oils, and chemicals
  • Debris deposited across the land
• What management strategies were implemented to reduce flood risk in the UK?

  • River banks raised and strengthened
  • £20 million Flood Action Plan by Somerset County Council
  • Rivers dredged in March 2014
  • Flood defences for communities at risk
• What evidence supports climate change?

  65% of Arctic ice cap melted since 1970, sea level rise by 10-20 cm, temperature increase by 1 degree Celsius since 1880
• What are the natural causes of climate change?

  Milankovitch cycle, volcanic eruptions, sun spot activity
• What are the human causes of climate change?

  Use of fossil fuels, deforestation, agriculture
• What are the effects of climate change on people and the environment?

  • Health issues
  • Food and water insecurity
  • Drought and desertification
  • Flooding and temperature increase