Infection and Response

• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that cause infectious disease
• What types of microorganisms are included in pathogens?

  Viruses, bacteria, protists, and fungi
• How can pathogens spread?

  Through direct contact, water, or air
• What is a characteristic of viruses?

  They are very small
• How do viruses replicate?

  They move into cells and use the cell's biochemistry to make copies
• What happens to the cell when a virus replicates?

  The cell bursts, releasing copies of the virus into the bloodstream
• What effect does viral damage have on an individual?

  It makes the individual feel ill
• How do bacteria multiply?

  By dividing through a process called binary fission
• What do bacteria produce that can damage cells?

  Toxins
• What is a characteristic of protists?

  Some are parasitic
• How do fungi reproduce?

  They can produce spores that spread to other organisms
• What is one way pathogens can be spread through direct contact?

  Touching contaminated surfaces
• What is an example of a droplet infection?

  Sneezing, coughing, or talking expelling pathogens in droplets
• How can the spread of diseases be reduced?

  By improving hygiene and reducing contact with infected individuals
• What is one method of improving hygiene?

  Hand washing
• How can vectors be removed to limit disease spread?

  Using pesticides or insecticides
• What is the purpose of vaccination?

  To make an individual immune to a certain disease
• What happens when a person is vaccinated?

  They are injected with a harmless pathogen to stimulate immunity
• What is herd immunity?

  When a large proportion of the population is immunized, reducing pathogen spread
• What are the symptoms of measles?

  Fever and red skin rash
• How is HIV primarily spread?

  By sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids
• How is measles spread?

  Through droplet infection
• What are the initial symptoms of HIV?

  Flu-like symptoms
• What is the purpose of antiretroviral drugs in HIV treatment?

  To stop the virus from replicating in the body
• How is Salmonella spread?

  Through raw meat and eggs, and unhygienic conditions
• What is a common symptom of gonorrhoea?

  Thick yellow or green discharge
• What are the symptoms of Salmonella food poisoning?

  Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, and diarrhoea
• How is gonorrhoea spread?

  Through unprotected sexual contact
• How is rose black spot spread?

  Through water (rain) or wind
• What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

  Purple or black spots on leaves, yellowing leaves, and early leaf drop
• What is malaria caused by?

  Protist pathogens that enter red blood cells
• How is malaria spread?

  By the female Anopheles mosquito
• What is one method of preventing malaria?

  Using insecticide-coated insect nets
• What is the role of the skin in the non-specific defense system?

  It acts as a physical barrier and produces antimicrobial secretions
• What is phagocytosis?

  Engulfing and consuming pathogens
• What do cilia in the trachea do?

  They waft mucus upwards to trap pathogens
• What happens when a person is re-infected with the same pathogen?

  Specific complementary antibodies are produced at a faster rate
• What is the purpose of vaccination?

  To stimulate the production of antibodies against a pathogen
• What are antibiotics used for?

  To kill bacterial pathogens inside the body
• Why can't antibiotics kill viruses?

  Because viruses use body cells to reproduce