Bioengernetics

• What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

  Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction.
• How is energy transferred to chloroplasts during photosynthesis?

  Energy is transferred from the environment to the chloroplasts by light.
• What is the general equation for photosynthesis?

  Photosynthesis is represented by the equation: $6CO_2 +$$6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 +$$6O_2$.
• What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

  • Temperature
  • Light intensity
  • Carbon dioxide concentration
  • Amount of chlorophyll
• What are the uses of glucose produced in photosynthesis?

  Glucose may be used for respiration, converted into starch, used to produce fat or oil, used to produce cellulose, or used to produce amino acids.
• What role do nitrate ions play in plants?

  Nitrate ions are absorbed from the soil to produce proteins.
• How is cellular respiration characterized?

  Cellular respiration is described as an exothermic reaction.
• What is the purpose of energy transferred during respiration?

  The energy transferred supplies all the energy needed for living processes.
• What are the two types of respiration?

  Respiration can take place aerobically or anaerobically.
• Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

  • Aerobic respiration requires oxygen; anaerobic does not.
  • Aerobic produces carbon dioxide and water; anaerobic produces lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide.
  • Aerobic transfers more energy than anaerobic.
• What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

  Aerobic respiration is represented by the equation: $C_6H_{12}O_6 +$$6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 +$$6H_2O$.
• What are the chemical symbols for glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water?

  Glucose: $C_6H_{12}O_6$, Oxygen: $O_2$, Carbon dioxide: $CO_2$, Water: $H_2O$.
• What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles?

  Anaerobic respiration in muscles is represented by the equation: $C_6H_{12}O_6 \rightarrow \text{lactic acid}$.
• Why is less energy transferred in anaerobic respiration compared to aerobic respiration?

  Much less energy is transferred in anaerobic respiration because the oxidation of glucose is incomplete.
• What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?

  Anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast is represented by the equation: $C_6H_{12}O_6 \rightarrow \text{ethanol} +$$6CO_2$.
• What is fermentation in yeast cells?

  Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is called fermentation.
• What is the economic importance of fermentation?

  Fermentation has economic importance in the manufacture of bread and alcoholic drinks.
• What is the role of sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerol in metabolism?

  • Sugars are used in the synthesis of carbohydrates.
  • Amino acids are used in protein synthesis.
  • Fatty acids and glycerol are used in lipid synthesis.
• What does metabolism encompass?

  • Conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
  • Formation of lipid molecules from glycerol and fatty acids.
  • Use of glucose and nitrate ions to form amino acids.
  • Breakdown of excess proteins to form urea for excretion.
• How does the human body respond to increased energy demand during exercise?

  The heart rate, breathing rate, and breath volume increase during exercise.
• What happens if insufficient oxygen is supplied during exercise?

  If insufficient oxygen is supplied, anaerobic respiration takes place in muscles.
• What is the consequence of the incomplete oxidation of glucose during anaerobic respiration?

  The incomplete oxidation of glucose causes a build-up of lactic acid and creates an oxygen debt.
• What happens to muscles during long periods of vigorous activity?

  During long periods of vigorous activity, muscles become fatigued and stop contracting efficiently.