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Health and Medicine in Britain c.1000-present
1900-Present: Medicine in Modern Britain
The Impact of the First World War
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Cards (32)
Who discovered X-rays and in what year?
Wilhelm Röntgen
in
1895
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How do X-rays interact with different tissues in the body?
X-rays pass easily through
soft flesh
, less through bone
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How were X-ray images produced before the First World War?
By directing
X-rays
at a body part in front of a
photographic
plate
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What were the limitations of X-ray equipment at the start of the First World War?
Unreliable
glass tubes
and distant locations
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Who invented a more reliable X-ray tube and when?
William Coolidge
in
1913
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What is the significance of the 'Coolidge tube'?
It became
widely
used and is
still
used
today
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What innovation did Marie Curie develop in 1914?
Mobile X-ray units
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What was the purpose of mobile X-ray units during the war?
To transport
X-ray equipment
to
doctors
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How did the First World War impact the number of radiologists?
It increased the number of
trained
radiologists
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Who set up training schools for X-ray equipment operation?
Curie
and
Antoine Béclère
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What were the key advancements in X-ray technology during the First World War?
Development of the
Coolidge tube
Introduction of
mobile X-ray units
Increase in
trained radiologists
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What problem was overcome as a result of the war?
The problem of
blood loss
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Why were blood transfusions rarely successful in the 17th century?
Recipient's
blood often
clotted
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Who discovered blood groups in 1900?
Karl Landsteiner
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What was the significance of Landsteiner's discovery?
It allowed successful
blood transfusions
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What was a consequence of serious wounds during World War I?
Many soldiers died from
blood loss
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Why is storing blood important during surgery?
Patients
always suffer some blood loss
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How did blood transfusions help during surgery?
They replaced any blood
lost
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What substance was found in 1914 to stop blood clotting?
Sodium citrate
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What was established at the Battle of Cambrai in 1917?
The first ever
blood depot
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When was the British National Blood Transfusion Service established?
In
1946
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What event accelerated the development of plastic surgery?
War
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What techniques were being developed in France and Germany before World War I?
Skin graft techniques
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Who set up a plastic surgery unit for the British Army during World War I?
Harold Gillies
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What was Harold Gillies' main interest in plastic surgery?
Reconstructing facial injuries for normal appearance
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What technique did Gillies develop for skin grafting?
Pedicle
tubes
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How does a pedicle tube work?
Skin is partially
cut
, grown, and attached
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Who continued Gillies' work during World War II?
Archibald McIndoe
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What type of patients did McIndoe primarily treat?
Pilots trapped in
burning
aircraft
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How did the work of Gillies and McIndoe contribute to plastic surgery?
They advanced techniques for
facial reconstruction
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What is the significance of detailed records in medical practices like those kept by Gillies?
They help track
progress
and improve
techniques
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What can be inferred about the evolution of plastic surgery from the work of Gillies and McIndoe?
It became more
specialized
and advanced due to war
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