Cards (32)

  • Who discovered X-rays and in what year?
    Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895
  • How do X-rays interact with different tissues in the body?
    X-rays pass easily through soft flesh, less through bone
  • How were X-ray images produced before the First World War?
    By directing X-rays at a body part in front of a photographic plate
  • What were the limitations of X-ray equipment at the start of the First World War?
    Unreliable glass tubes and distant locations
  • Who invented a more reliable X-ray tube and when?
    William Coolidge in 1913
  • What is the significance of the 'Coolidge tube'?
    It became widely used and is still used today
  • What innovation did Marie Curie develop in 1914?
    Mobile X-ray units
  • What was the purpose of mobile X-ray units during the war?
    To transport X-ray equipment to doctors
  • How did the First World War impact the number of radiologists?
    It increased the number of trained radiologists
  • Who set up training schools for X-ray equipment operation?
    Curie and Antoine Béclère
  • What were the key advancements in X-ray technology during the First World War?
    • Development of the Coolidge tube
    • Introduction of mobile X-ray units
    • Increase in trained radiologists
  • What problem was overcome as a result of the war?
    The problem of blood loss
  • Why were blood transfusions rarely successful in the 17th century?
    Recipient's blood often clotted
  • Who discovered blood groups in 1900?
    Karl Landsteiner
  • What was the significance of Landsteiner's discovery?
    It allowed successful blood transfusions
  • What was a consequence of serious wounds during World War I?
    Many soldiers died from blood loss
  • Why is storing blood important during surgery?
    Patients always suffer some blood loss
  • How did blood transfusions help during surgery?
    They replaced any blood lost
  • What substance was found in 1914 to stop blood clotting?
    Sodium citrate
  • What was established at the Battle of Cambrai in 1917?
    The first ever blood depot
  • When was the British National Blood Transfusion Service established?
    In 1946
  • What event accelerated the development of plastic surgery?
    War
  • What techniques were being developed in France and Germany before World War I?
    Skin graft techniques
  • Who set up a plastic surgery unit for the British Army during World War I?
    Harold Gillies
  • What was Harold Gillies' main interest in plastic surgery?
    Reconstructing facial injuries for normal appearance
  • What technique did Gillies develop for skin grafting?
    Pedicle tubes
  • How does a pedicle tube work?
    Skin is partially cut, grown, and attached
  • Who continued Gillies' work during World War II?
    Archibald McIndoe
  • What type of patients did McIndoe primarily treat?
    Pilots trapped in burning aircraft
  • How did the work of Gillies and McIndoe contribute to plastic surgery?
    They advanced techniques for facial reconstruction
  • What is the significance of detailed records in medical practices like those kept by Gillies?
    They help track progress and improve techniques
  • What can be inferred about the evolution of plastic surgery from the work of Gillies and McIndoe?
    It became more specialized and advanced due to war