DNA REPLICATION

• Where does DNA replication occur in eukaryotes?

  In the nucleus
• Where does DNA replication occur in prokaryotes?

  In the cytoplasm
• Why is DNA replication essential before cell division?

  To ensure each daughter cell receives an identical DNA copy
• What are the specific DNA sequences where replication begins called?

  Origins
• What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?

  It "unzips" DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between strands
• What do SSB proteins do during DNA replication?

  Stabilize separated strands
• What is the function of topoisomerase in DNA replication?

  It prevents DNA supercoiling
• What are the stages of DNA replication?

  1. Initiation: Helicase unwinds DNA, RNA Primase adds RNA primers.
  2. Elongation: DNA Polymerase synthesizes new strands, creating leading and lagging strands.
  3. Termination: DNA Polymerase checks for errors and completes replication.
• What type of strand is synthesized continuously during DNA replication?

  Leading Strand
• What type of strand is synthesized in segments during DNA replication?

  Lagging Strand
• What is the role of DNA ligase in DNA replication?

  It joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand
• What is the outcome of DNA replication?

  Semi-Conservative Replication
• Why is understanding DNA replication important in medicine?

  It has led to therapies targeting replication in cancer cells and bacteria
• What types of errors can occur during DNA replication?

  Base pair mismatches, insertions, and deletions
• What is a common cause of mismatches during DNA replication?

  Structural shifts in DNA, known as wobble
• What happens to most errors in DNA replication?

  They are corrected by DNA repair enzymes
• What genetic disease is caused by a deletion mutation?

  Cystic Fibrosis
• What is the effect of a single nucleotide change in Sickle Cell Disease?

  It affects hemoglobin, causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped
• How can mutations in DNA repair genes affect cancer risk?

  They can lead to rapid error accumulation, increasing cancer risk
• What role do mutations play in evolution?

  They are a key source of genetic diversity
• What are adaptive mutations?

  Beneficial mutations that help organisms adapt to their environments
• How does DNA replication contribute to genetic continuity?

  It ensures identical genetic information passes from cell to cell
• What is the significance of replication checkpoints in healthy cells?

  They ensure accuracy during the replication process
• What can happen if replication is unregulated?

  It can lead to uncontrolled cell division, as seen in cancers
• What is the definition of genetic continuity?

  The faithful replication of genetic information from a parent cell to daughter cells
• What types of cell division ensure genetic continuity?

  Mitosis and Meiosis
• How does genetic recombination affect individuals produced through sexual reproduction?

  It makes them unique despite genetic continuity
• What is the role of cell replication in preserving genetic information?

  It creates an identical DNA copy for new cells
• What can replication errors lead to in terms of genetic continuity?

  They can disrupt genetic continuity
• What are the key evaluation criteria for models in biology?

  1. Accuracy: Should closely represent biological processes.
  2. Clarity: Easy to understand and depict key components.
  3. Completeness: Include typical processes and exceptions.
  4. Utility: Allow for predictions or explanations of outcomes.
• What is the purpose of models in biology?

  To explain complex processes
• What is a strength of models in biology?

  They simplify complex biological processes
• What is a limitation of models in biology?

  They may omit important details or variables
• How do models aid in prediction and hypothesis testing?

  They allow scientists to predict outcomes based on certain conditions
• What is a potential issue with static models in biology?

  They struggle to capture dynamic processes
• Why is it important to balance the benefits and limitations of models?

  To use models effectively and recognize their limitations
• How can models enhance experimentation and innovation?

  They provide a framework for experimental design
• What is the significance of evaluating model quality?

  It helps in selecting the best representations for study and research
• In what fields are models critical for understanding biological processes?

  Genetics, medicine, and evolutionary biology
• What is the role of models in epidemiology?

  They help predict disease spread