COMPARE/CONTRAST

• What was the primary religion of the Ottoman Empire?

  Sunni Muslim
• What religion did the Safavid Empire adhere to?

  Shia Islam
• How did the religious division between the Ottoman and Safavid empires affect their relationship?

  It heightened the rivalry between the empires
• What was the role of Shah Ismail I in the conflict between the Ottoman and Safavid empires?

  He forcefully imposed Shia Islam as the state religion
• What region did both the Ottoman and Safavid empires covet?

  Mesopotamia
• What significant battle occurred in 1514 between the Ottomans and Safavids?

  The Battle of Chaldiran
• What was the outcome of the Battle of Chaldiran?

  The Ottomans decisively defeated the Safavids
• What was the significance of the Battle of Chaldiran despite not resulting in territorial changes?

  It solidified the sectarian divide and set the stage for future hostilities
• How did the conflict between the Ottoman and Safavid empires continue over time?

  It persisted through the reigns of successive rulers
• Who was the Ottoman ruler during the attempts to expand influence into Safavid territories?

  Suleiman the Magnificent
• What were the consequences of the Ottoman-Safavid conflict?

  It often spilled over into proxy wars and diplomatic maneuvering
• What treaty brought a temporary halt to hostilities between the Ottoman and Safavid empires?

  The Treaty of Amasya
• What did the Treaty of Amasya establish?

  A boundary between the two empires
• What happened after the Treaty of Amasya in the late 16th and early 17th centuries?

  Tensions flared again, leading to renewed military confrontations
• What were the lasting consequences of the prolonged Ottoman-Safavid conflict?

  • Shaping of modern Middle Eastern borders
  • Deep imprint on the religious and cultural landscapes of the region
  • Reflection of broader struggles for dominance within the Islamic world
• How was the Ottoman Empire governed?

  As an absolute monarchy under the Sultan’s rule
• What characterized the bureaucracy of the Ottoman Empire?

  It had a centralized bureaucracy and military hierarchy
• What type of monarchy was the Safavid Empire?

  A theocratic monarchy led by a Shah
• How did the Safavid Empire combine authority?

  It combined political and religious authority under Shia Islam
• What administrative traditions did the Mughal Empire blend?

  Persian and Indian administrative traditions
• Who governed the Mughal Empire?

  By an emperor with a centralized bureaucracy
• What was the political structure of the Ming Dynasty?

  The Ming maintained centralized rule
• How did the Qing Dynasty approach imperial structures?

  It continued and expanded imperial structures using Confucian bureaucracy
• What types of political structures existed in European Kingdoms?

  Absolute monarchies, constitutional monarchies, and republics
• What was the predominant religion of the Ottoman Empire?

  Sunni Islam
• How did the Ottoman Empire approach other monotheistic faiths?

  It practiced religious tolerance for other monotheistic faiths
• What was the state religion of the Safavid Empire?

  Shia Islam
• What actions did the Safavid Empire take regarding religious conversions?

  Conversions to Shia Islam were actively promoted
• How was the Mughal Empire initially characterized in terms of religion?

  It was marked by religious syncretism
• What change occurred in the religious practices of later Mughal rulers?

  They embraced a more orthodox Sunni Islam
• Which religions influenced the Ming Dynasty?

  Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism
• How did the Qing Dynasty approach Confucian values and other religions?

  The Qing continued Confucian values while accommodating various religions
• What characterized the religious landscapes of European Kingdoms?

  They had varied religious landscapes
• What was the predominant religion in European Kingdoms?

  Catholicism
• What significant influence was present alongside Catholicism in European Kingdoms?

  Significant Protestant influence
• What type of economies did the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires have?

  Agrarian economies
• What was significant about trade in the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires?

  They engaged in trade and commerce, especially along the Silk Road
• What characterized the economic systems of the Ming and Qing Dynasties?

  Agricultural dominance
• What was a key feature of the Ming Dynasty's economy?

  Extensive trade networks
• What was notable about maritime exploration during the Ming Dynasty?

  It was a significant aspect of their economic system