Definitions

• What are coarse particles also known as?


  Dust
• What is the diameter range of coarse particles (PM 10)?


  Between $1 \times 10^{-5} \text{ m}$ and $2.5 \times 10^{-6} \text{ m}$
• What is a conductor?


  A material that contains charged particles free to move
• What is a covalent bond?


  A shared pair of electrons between two non-metals
• What is diamond made up of?


  Carbon atoms forming four covalent bonds
• What are electrostatic forces?


  Strong forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions
• What is an empirical formula?


  The smallest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound
• What are fine particles (PM 2.5) defined as?


  Particles with diameters between 100 and 2500 nm
• What are fullerenes?


  Molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes
• What is the structure of fullerenes based on?


  Hexagonal rings of carbon atoms
• What is the state of matter where particles have the most energy?


  Gas
• How are particles arranged in a gas?


  They are spread out and move randomly in all directions
• What is graphene?


  A single layer of graphite
• What is graphite made up of?


  Carbon atoms forming three covalent bonds in layers
• What is an ion?


  An atom or molecule with an electric charge
• How is an ionic bond formed?


  A metal atom loses electrons and a non-metal gains them
• What is an ionic compound?


  A chemical compound formed of ions
• What are intermolecular forces?


  Forces that exist between molecules
• How do intermolecular forces affect physical properties?


  They impact boiling and melting points
• What is a lattice?


  A repeating regular arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules
• What is the state of matter where particles are close together but can move past each other?


  Liquid
• What is a metallic bond?


  The bond between positive metal ions and negatively charged electrons
• What are metals?


  Elements that react to form positive ions
• Where are non-metals found on the periodic table?


  Towards the right and top
• What is nanoscience?


  It refers to structures that are 1–100 nm in size
• What are nanoparticles defined as?


  Particles with diameters between 1 nm to 100 nm
• How do nanoparticles differ from bulk materials?


  They can exhibit different properties
• What does particle theory model?


  The three states of matter using small solid spheres
• What are polymers?


  Large long-chain molecules made of small monomers
• What is a repeat unit in a polymer?


  The part of a polymer that repeats to form the chain
• What is the state of matter where particles hold a regular arrangement?


  Solid
• What are state symbols used for in chemical equations?


  To denote the states of the chemicals reacting
• What are the states of matter and their characteristics?

  • Solid: Regular arrangement, least energy
  • Liquid: Random arrangement, close together, can move past each other
  • Gas: Most energy, spread out, move randomly
• What are the types of chemical bonds and their characteristics?

  • Covalent bond: Shared pair of electrons between non-metals
  • Ionic bond: Transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals
  • Metallic bond: Attraction between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons
• What are the types of particles and their size ranges?


  • Coarse particles (PM 10): $1 \times 10^{-5} \text{ m} - 2.5 \times 10^{-6} \text{ m}$
  • Fine particles (PM 2.5): $100 \text{ nm} - 2500 \text{ nm}$
  • Nanoparticles: $1 \text{ nm} - 100 \text{ nm}$