bonding

• What are intermolecular forces?

  Forces acting between different molecules
• How do intermolecular forces compare to bonding forces?

  Intermolecular forces are weaker than bonding forces
• What is the weakest type of intermolecular force?

  Van der Waals forces
• What causes temporary dipoles in molecules?

  Constant electron movement causes temporary dipoles
• What factors affect the strength of intermolecular forces?

  Strength depends on the size of the molecule and the number of electrons present
• How do long-chain alkanes compare to shorter ones in terms of intermolecular forces?

  Long-chain alkanes have stronger intermolecular forces
• How does the shape of molecules affect their intermolecular forces?

  Spherical branched molecules have stronger van der Waals forces compared to linear ones
• What type of dipole occurs in addition to van der Waals forces?

  Dipole-dipole interactions
• What are permanent dipoles?

  Permanent dipoles are dipoles that do not constantly change
• What is hydrogen bonding?

  Hydrogen bonding occurs in molecules containing H attached to highly electronegative atoms
• Why is ice less dense than water?

  Ice has an ordered structure with strong hydrogen bonds that keep molecules further apart
• What is electronegativity?

  Electronegativity is the ability of an atom in a covalent bond to attract the shared pair of electrons
• On what scale is electronegativity measured?

  Electronegativity is measured on the Pauling scale
• What happens to the charge in polar bonds?

  Polar bonds create a charge imbalance, resulting in a dipole
• What characterizes polar molecules?

  Polar molecules must contain a dipole and polar bonds
• What happens to polar molecules if their polar bonds are symmetrical?

  If polar bonds are symmetrical, the charges cancel out and the molecule is nonpolar
• What is the result of a significant electronegativity difference between atoms?

  A significant electronegativity difference leads to the formation of polar bonds