aggression

• What is the hormonal explanation of aggression?

  Aggression is more prevalent in men due to higher levels of testosterone.
• Why are aggressive behaviors more likely to be found in men than women?

  Men secrete more testosterone than women, which is associated with aggression.
• What other hormones are said to be involved in aggression besides testosterone?

  Serotonin, dopamine, and adrenaline are also involved in aggression.
• What part of the brain is primarily linked to the neural explanation of aggression?

  The limbic system is primarily linked to aggression.
• Which specific areas of the limbic system are associated with aggression?

  The hypothalamus, amygdala, and parts of the hippocampus are associated with aggression.
• How does the limbic system influence aggressive responses?

  The limbic system is believed to be key in determining whether we respond aggressively to external stimuli.
• What is a strength of the hormonal explanation of aggression?

  Research support exists for the hormonal explanation.
• What did Ferrari et al's research demonstrate about serotonin and aggression?

  Ferrari et al found an increase in dopamine and a decrease in serotonin levels after fighting in male rats.
• What question does Ferrari et al's research raise about serotonin and aggression?

  It questions whether decreased serotonin causes aggression or is a response to it.
• What is a strength of the neural explanation of aggression?

  There is modern research supporting the neural explanation.
• What did Wong et al's research find regarding the amygdala in violent men?

  The volume of the amygdala was smaller in violent men compared to control subjects.
• What is a limitation of Wong et al's research on aggression?

  The study lacks population validity due to its small sample size and focus on men.
• What basic genetic difference exists between men and women?

  Men have XY chromosomes, while women have XX chromosomes.
• What is the significance of the Y chromosome in aggression?

  The genetic cause of aggression could lie in the Y chromosome.
• What is the XYY genotype often referred to as?

  Super males.
• What did Court-Brown (1965) discover about patients with XYY chromosomes?

  He found that they had an increased likelihood of aggressive behavior.
• How has selective breeding in animals contributed to the genetic explanation of aggression?

  It has shown that aggression can be transmitted from parent to offspring.
• What do twin studies indicate about aggression?

  They indicate that aggression has a genetic element.
• What does the MAOA gene do?

  It produces a protein that metabolizes adrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine.
• What happens if adrenaline is not metabolized?

  Excess adrenaline can cause hypersensitivity and overreacting to stimuli.
• How does low serotonin affect behavior?

  Low serotonin levels are linked to a reduction in control over impulsive behavior.
• What is socially sensitive research?

  Research that has potential social consequences for participants or groups.
• What did Court-Brown's research suggest about the XYY chromosome?

  It suggested a strong link between aggression and the presence of the XYY chromosome.
• What did Theilgaard's research find regarding the XYY genotype?

  It found that the XYY gene can increase height but not aggression.
• What did Brunner's study reveal about the MAOA gene?

  Five males in a family with high aggression had a mutated MAOA gene.
• Why are females less affected by the mutated MAOA gene?

  Females have two X chromosomes, allowing a non-mutated gene to cancel out the mutated one.
• What did Stuart et al find regarding the MAOA gene and domestic abuse?

  The most aggressive men in domestic abuse cases had the mutated MAOA gene.
• What is a limitation of the genetic factors of aggression?

  They are biologically reductionist, simplifying complex behaviors to mutated genes.
• What does biologically deterministic mean in the context of aggression?

  It means that genetic factors ignore other influences that may cause aggression.
• What does ethology seek to understand?

  Innate behavior of animals in their natural environment.
• How is aggression viewed in ethology?

  Aggression is seen as an innate behavior beneficial for survival.
• What did Lorenz propose about aggression in animals?

  He proposed that aggression is ritualistic and more adaptive than direct aggression.
• What are innate releasing mechanisms and fixed action patterns?

  They are automatic biological responses triggered by stimuli leading to aggressive behavior.
• How does the environment of evolutionary adaptiveness (EEA) relate to aggression?

  Behaviors adaptive to our ancestors are passed down through genetic transmission.
• What role did aggression play in the survival of human ancestors?

  Aggression helped establish hierarchical dominance and access to resources.
• What are mate-retention strategies proposed by Daly and Wilson?

  Strategies to deter mates from leaving or cheating through aggression.
• What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis proposed by Dollard et al?

  Frustration leads to aggression as a cathartic release of built-up frustration.
• How can aggression be redirected according to the psychodynamic theory?

  Aggression can be redirected through ego defense mechanisms like sublimation and displacement.
• What is sublimation in the context of aggression?

  Sublimation is using aggression in acceptable activities like sports.
• What is displacement in the context of aggression?

  Displacement is directing aggression onto something or someone else.