SLJ101

• What is the definition of policing?

  Activities of individuals or organizations acting legally on behalf of the public or private entities to maintain security or social order.
• What determines the roles, powers, and responsibilities of policing?

  Legislation determines their roles, powers, and responsibilities.
• What does pluralization of policing refer to?

  Expansion of policing beyond the public police to include parapolice and private security.
• When was the first full-time police service established and by whom?

  In 1829 by Sir Robert Peel in London, England.
• What was the primary reason for the creation of the first police service?

  It was created in response to the increasing fear of crime and disorder associated with the Industrial Revolution.
• What did Peel argue regarding the police service?

  Peel argued that the police service would serve all citizens and should include the prevention of crime.
• What high standards were developed in the early police service?

  High standards of recruitment and training were developed.
• What concept did Peel introduce in policing?

  Peel introduced the concepts of Community Policing.
• What are Peel's Principles of Policing?

  1. Basic mission is to prevent crime and disorder.
  2. Police performance depends on public approval.
  3. Cooperation of the public is essential for law observance.
  4. Public cooperation diminishes with the use of physical force.
  5. Police maintain favor by impartial service.
  6. Use physical force only when necessary.
  7. Relationship with the public should be based on fact.
  8. Police should not usurp the judiciary's power.
  9. Efficiency is measured by the absence of crime.
• What was the mandate of early municipal police forces in Canada?

  The mandate included policing conflicts, maintaining moral standards, and apprehending criminals.
• When did the first police constables appear in Canada?

  In Quebec City in the mid-1600s and in Upper Canada in the early 1800s.
• What are the two perspectives on the role of police?

  • Social Contract Perspective: Police as a politically neutral force enforcing law and protecting the public.
  • Radical Perspective: Police as an instrument of government to suppress dissent and maintain the status quo.
• What event sparked the Defund the Police Movement?

  The incident involving George Floyd and similar incidents in the US and Canada.
• What is the core demand of the Defund the Police Movement?

  Reallocation of funding and power away from police to community-centered safety programs.
• What are the four levels of police organizations in Canada?

  1. Federal
  2. Provincial
  3. Municipal
  4. Indigenous
• What is the rank structure of Canadian police services?

  It reflects paramilitary organizations, including ranks like Chiefs, Deputy Chiefs, and Constables.
• What is the role of the RCMP in Canada?

  It provides federal policing, contract police, and international peacekeeping.
• How many provincial police services are there in Canada?

  There are three provincial police services: OPP, SQ, and RNC.
• What is the Professional Model of policing characterized by?

  It is reactive, incident-driven, and centered on random patrol.
• What is the main philosophy behind Community Policing?

  It is centered on police-community partnerships.
• What does Community Policing require from the police?

  It requires police to be given autonomy.
• What is the responsibility of provincial police services in Canada?

  They are responsible for policing rural areas and areas outside municipalities.
• How does Community Policing expand the role of police?

  It expands the role and responsibilities of police.
• What is Community-Based Strategic Policing?

  • Combination of community policing with:
  • Crime prevention
  • Response strategies
  • Crime attack approaches
• Why is community support essential for effective Community Policing?

  Because it enhances collaboration and trust between police and the community.
• What has been the trend in levels of community support for policing?

  Levels of support have been declining.
• What are the characteristics of regional police services?

  • Examples include Peel Regional Police and Halton Regional Police.
  • Seen as cost-effective and able to provide better services.
  • Criticized for being too centralized and limiting community policing.
• What might be a reason for the decline in community support for policing?

  Strategies that focus on increasing community engagement are the most effective.
• What is the jurisdiction of municipal police?

  Municipal police have jurisdiction within city boundaries.
• What is the role of police in relation to vulnerable groups?

  Police are involved in specialized, multi-agency strategies to reduce crisis situations.
• What are the three ways municipal police services can be provided?

  By creating their own, joining with other municipalities, or contracting a provincial police service.
• What is the largest municipal police service in Canada?

  The Toronto Police Service, with 5000 officers.
• What is an example of a strategy police might use for vulnerable groups?

  Multi-agency strategies to reduce the likelihood of persons in crisis coming into contact with the justice system.
• What are some discussion topics regarding police officers' roles?

  1. Perception of police officer's role vs. reality
  2. Suggestions for improving officer effectiveness
  3. Ways to assist those in need in society
• What is the goal of Indigenous police services in Canada?

  • To create and control justice programs.
  • To be more integrated and culturally relevant for Indigenous communities.
  • Governed by agreements between federal, provincial, and Indigenous communities.
• What are key questions regarding Community Policing?

  • Definition and importance of community policing
  • Evolution since Peel's Principles
  • Examples of community policing strategies
• What is the First Nations Policing Program (FNPP)?

  It was established in 1992 to negotiate police services that fit Indigenous community needs.
• What are the responsibilities of Indigenous police officers?

  They have full powers to enforce laws on reserve lands.
• What is tiered policing?

  • Involves expanding roles of by-law officers and community safety personnel.
  • A response to escalating costs and demands on police services.
  • Not fully accredited and lacks use of force authority.
• What are the two main types of private security?

  Security firms that sell services and companies that employ in-house security officers.