Chemistry paper 2 ๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ”ฌ๐Ÿงช

    Cards (119)

    • What is the term used to describe how quickly a reaction happens?
      Rate of reaction
    • How is the rate of reaction defined?
      It is the change in a quantity divided by time.
    • What quantities can be measured to determine the rate of reaction?
      Mass of reactant used or volume of gas produced.
    • What does measuring the rate of reaction over time typically yield?
      The mean rate of reaction.
    • In the experiment with hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulfate, what indicates the reaction is complete?
      The cross on the paper becomes invisible.
    • What happens to the time taken for the reaction when the temperature is increased?โ€จ
      The time taken decreases.
    • How can the volume of gas produced be measured in a reaction?
      Using a gas syringe connected to the reaction vessel.
    • What does a graph of gas volume against time typically look like during a reaction?
      It starts steeply and then levels out or plateaus.
    • How can you find the rate of reaction at any point on a graph?
      By drawing a tangent at that point.
    • What effect does increasing the concentration of reactants have on the rate of reaction?
      It increases the rate of reaction.
    • Why does increasing temperature increase the rate of reaction?
      Particles move more quickly and collide with more energy.
    • What is the role of a catalyst in a reaction?
      It reduces the activation energy needed.
    • What is a reversible reaction?
      A reaction where products can revert to reactants.
    • What happens in a closed system at equilibrium?
      The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.
    • What is the prime example of a reversible reaction mentioned?
      The Haber process.
    • What does Le Chatelier's principle state?
      If a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change, it will adjust to counteract that change.
    • What happens if the pressure of a gas reaction is increased?
      The reaction will favor the side with fewer moles of gas.
    • How does increasing temperature affect an exothermic reaction?
      It favors the endothermic reaction.
    • What is the general formula for alkanes?
      C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub>
    • What are hydrocarbons?
      Molecules made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
    • What is the process used to separate different length alkanes from crude oil?
      Fractional distillation.
    • Why do longer alkanes have higher boiling points?
      They have stronger intermolecular forces.
    • What is LPG?
      Liquid petroleum gas.
    • What is produced during complete combustion of alkanes?
      Carbon dioxide and water.
    • What is the difference between alkenes and alkanes?
      Alkenes have a carbon-carbon double bond; alkanes do not.
    • How can you test for an alkene?
      By adding bromine water; if it turns colorless, the alkene is present.
    • What happens when an alcohol is oxidized?
      It produces a carboxylic acid.
    • What is the functional group of alcohols?
      • OH (hydroxyl group).
    • What is condensation polymerization?
      Joining two monomers with the release of water.
    • What are amino acids?
      Building blocks of proteins.
    • What is DNA?
      A large molecule that stores genetic code.
    • What is chromatography used for?
      Separating substances in a mixture.
    • What are the main types of hydrocarbons?
      • Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds.
      • Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond.
    • What are the uses of different fractions obtained from crude oil?
      • LPG: Fuel for heating and cooking.
      • Petrol: Fuel for cars.
      • Kerosene: Fuel for jet engines.
      • Diesel: Fuel for trucks and buses.
      • Heavy fuel oil: Fuel for ships.
    • What are the steps in the process of fractional distillation?
      1. Heat crude oil to evaporate it.
      2. Gases rise up the fractionating column.
      3. Different fractions condense at different heights based on boiling points.
      4. Collect the fractions for use.
    • What is the significance of the double bond in alkenes?
      • It allows for addition reactions.
      • It makes alkenes unsaturated.
    • What is the process of cracking in organic chemistry?
      • Breaking down longer alkanes into shorter alkanes and alkenes.
      • Can be done through catalytic cracking or steam cracking.
    • What are the characteristics of polymers?
      • Made from repeating units (monomers).
      • Can be formed through addition or condensation polymerization.
    • What is the importance of obtaining pure substances in chemistry?
      • Ensures accurate results in experiments.
      • Allows for the determination of melting and boiling points.
    • What is a formulation in chemistry?
      • A mixture designed for a specific purpose with precise quantities.
      • Examples include paints, fuels, and fertilizers.
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