observation

• Naturalistic observations

  • take place in the setting or context where the target behaviour would usually occur
  • all aspects of the environment are free to vary
• Controlled observation

  • useful to control certain aspects of the research
  • some control over variables, including manipulating variables to observe effects
  • also control of confounding/extraneous variables
• Covert observations

  • Behaviour recorded without first obtaining the consent of the participants
  • Px are unaware they are the focus of study
  • Their behaviour is observed in secret (covertly)
  • Such behaviour must be public and happening anyway if the observation is to be ethical
• Overt observations

  • when participants know their behaviour is being observed and have given their informed consent beforehand
• Non-participant observations

  • when the researcher remains separate from those they are studying
  • records behaviour in a more objective manner
  • may be impractical or even impossible to join particular groups
• Participant observations

  • Sometimes it may be necessary for the observer to become part of the group they are studying