Support in animals

• What is the axial skeleton made up of?

  The axial skeleton is made up of the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage.
• What are the main components of the skull?

  • Cranium (brain case)
  • Facial bones
• What is the primary function of the skull?

  The skull protects the brain.
• What are sinuses and their function in the skull?

  Sinuses are air spaces lined with membranes that reduce the weight of the skull.
• What is the foramen magnum?

  The foramen magnum is a large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes.
• How does the position of the foramen magnum benefit humans?

  The position of the foramen magnum allows humans to stand upright and walk on two feet.
• What are the two important facial bones mentioned?

  The maxilla (upper jaw) and the mandible (lower jaw).
• Which jaw moves, the maxilla or the mandible?

  Only the mandible (lower jaw) moves.
• How many permanent teeth do humans have?

  Humans have 32 permanent teeth.
• What is the formula for the arrangement of teeth in humans?

  The formula for humans is 2-1-2-3 for each side of the jaw.
• What types of teeth are present in humans and their functions?

  Humans have incisors (cut), canines (tear), premolars (compress), and molars (grind).
• What is the vertebral column also commonly called?

  The vertebral column is also commonly called the spinal column or backbone.
• What is the primary function of the vertebral column?

  The vertebral column surrounds and protects the spinal cord.
• What does the thoracic cage consist of?

  The thoracic cage consists of pairs of ribs, the sternum, and the thoracic vertebrae.
• What are the general functions of the human skeleton?

  • Movement (locomotion)
  • Protection of sensitive body parts
  • Support, strength, and shape
  • Storage of mineral salts
  • Hearing through ossicles
  • Formation of red blood corpuscles
• What are the main structures of a long bone?

  • Cortex: outer layer, dense and hard
  • Compact bone: dense tissue
  • Medulla: central part containing marrow cavity
  • Diaphysis: shaft of the bone
  • Epiphysis: end of the bone with spongy tissue
  • Articular cartilage: smooth surface for joint movement
  • Periosteum: tough connective tissue covering the bone
• What fills the marrow cavity of long bones?

  The marrow cavity is filled with red and yellow bone marrow tissue.
• What is the function of articular cartilage?

  Articular cartilage covers the ends of long bones and prevents friction during movement.
• What is the periosteum and its function?

  The periosteum is a tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers the outer surface of bones and helps in repair and growth.
• How is the blood supply in bones characterized?

  Bones have a rich blood supply that delivers nutrients and removes waste.
• What is the aim of the hands-on activity mentioned in the study material?

  To observe the structure of a long bone.
• Who is the instructor in the biology class video?

  Miss Angler
• What is the main focus of today's video in Miss Angler's biology class?

  The human skeleton, specifically the axial skeleton
• What are the two major components of the axial skeleton mentioned in the video?

  The skull and the vertebral column
• What will be covered in the follow-up video?

  The appendicular skeleton
• What is the first section of the skull discussed in the video?

  The cranium
• What is the function of the cranium?

  It is the casing that sits around the brain
• What is the name of the bone that sits around the eye?

  The zygomatic bone
• What is the maxillary bone also known as?

  The upper jaw bone
• What is the movable part of the jaw called?

  The mandible
• How can you remember the difference between the maxilla and mandible?

  The mandible is movable, while the maxilla is fixed
• What are sutures in the cranium?

  They are where the bones have fused together
• What is the frontal bone?

  The front portion of the cranium
• What is the parietal part of the skull?

  The top major side area of the head
• What is the temporal bone?

  The bone located at the sides of the head
• What is the occipital bone?

  The back part of the cranium
• Why are the bones of the cranium in pieces when a person is born?

  To allow easier movement through the birth canal
• How many major regions is the vertebral column divided into?

  Five major regions
• What are the first seven sets of bones in the vertebral column called?

  The cervical bones
• How are the thoracic bones numbered?

  From 1 to 12