enzymes

• What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?

  They are the site of protein synthesis
• What is the function of the mitochondria?

  It is the site of aerobic respiration and ATP production
• What are the main elements found in biological molecules?

  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen (in proteins and nucleic acids)
  • Phosphorus (in nucleic acids)
  • Sulfur (in proteins)
• Why is water considered a polar molecule?

  Due to the uneven distribution of charge between oxygen and hydrogen atoms
• What type of bonds form between water molecules?

  Hydrogen bonds
• What are the four important properties of water?

  1. Important solvent in reactions
  2. Transport medium
  3. Coolant
  4. Provides habitats
• How does water act as a solvent?

  It interacts with polar molecules and dissolves ionic compounds
• What is the role of water as a transport medium in plants?

  It transports dissolved solutes in the xylem and phloem
• Why is water considered a coolant?

  It has a high specific heat capacity and a large latent heat of vaporization
• How does water provide a habitat for aquatic organisms?

  It buffers temperature changes and provides surface tension
• What is the definition of monomers?

  Smaller units that can bind together to create larger molecules
• What is the definition of polymers?

  Larger molecules made up of many monomers bonded together
• What are the monomers that form starch, cellulose, and glycogen?

  Glucose
• What are the monomers that form proteins?

  Amino acids
• What are the monomers that form DNA and RNA?

  Nucleotides
• What are the three types of carbohydrates?

  1. Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose)
  2. Disaccharides (e.g., sucrose)
  3. Polysaccharides (e.g., starch)
• What is the structure of alpha glucose?

  C$6$H$12$O$6$ with specific hydroxyl group placements
• What is the structure of beta glucose?

  Similar to alpha glucose but with different hydroxyl group placements
• What is ribose classified as?

  A pentose sugar
• What is the process of forming disaccharides?

  Joining two monosaccharides by a glycosidic bond through a condensation reaction
• What is a condensation reaction?

  Joining two molecules by removing a water molecule
• What is a hydrolysis reaction?

  Splitting a molecule by adding a water molecule
• What are the three disaccharides you need to know?

  1. Maltose (glucose + glucose)
  2. Lactose (glucose + galactose)
  3. Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
• What is the isomer of glucose involved in maltose formation?

  Alpha glucose
• What is the isomer of glucose involved in sucrose formation?

  Beta glucose
• What is the isomer of glucose involved in lactose formation?

  Alpha glucose
• What is the importance of specifying that a water molecule is involved in condensation and hydrolysis reactions?

  It clarifies the specific type of reaction occurring
• What are the two monosaccharides that make up lactose?

  Alpha glucose and galactose
• What are the two monosaccharides that make up sucrose?

  Beta glucose and fructose
• What type of reaction forms disaccharides?

  Condensation reaction
• What is a condensation reaction?

  • Joining two molecules together
  • Removal of one water molecule
  • Formation of a chemical bond
• What is a hydrolysis reaction?

  • Splitting apart of molecules
  • Addition of one water molecule
  • Breaking of a chemical bond
• How many water molecules are involved in a condensation reaction?

  One water molecule
• How many water molecules are involved in a hydrolysis reaction?

  One water molecule
• What type of bond is formed during a condensation reaction between monosaccharides?

  Glycosidic bond
• What does a 1-4 glycosidic bond indicate?

  It is a bond between carbon 1 and carbon 4
• What is the structure of starch in plants?

  Starch is a store of glucose
• What is the function of cellulose in plants?

  It provides structural strength
• What is glycogen's role in animals?

  It is a store of glucose
• What are the two types of starch and their characteristics?

  • Amylose:
  • Forms long straight chains
  • Contains only 1-4 glycosidic bonds
  • Has a helical shape
  • Amylopectin:
  • Branched structure
  • Contains both 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds