DNA

• What are the individual subunits of DNA called?

  Nucleotides
• What are the components of a nucleotide?

  A nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate group
• What sugar is found in DNA nucleotides?

  Deoxyribose
• What is the base pairing rule in DNA?

  • Adenine pairs with Thymine (A-T)
  • Cytosine pairs with Guanine (C-G)
• How do the bases on each strand of DNA interact?

  The bases on each strand pair up with each other, holding the two strands together
• What is the significance of a sequence of 3 bases in DNA?


  A sequence of 3 bases codes for an amino acid
• How does the order of bases in DNA affect proteins?

  The order of bases controls the order and types of amino acids that are joined together
• What forms the backbone of the DNA strand?

  • The sugar and phosphate groups of the nucleotides form the backbone
• What structural shape does DNA form?

  DNA forms a double helix
• What do the rings of the DNA ladder represent?

  The rings of the DNA ladder represent the base pairs
• What is the role of the phosphate group in DNA?

  The phosphate group is part of the backbone of the DNA strand
• What is the relationship between nucleotides and DNA strands?

  Nucleotides form the DNA strand and the base pairs hold the strands together
• What does DNA stand for?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid
• What is the primary function of DNA?

  It contains coded information for organisms
• Where is DNA found in animal and plant cells?

  In the nucleus
• What are chromosomes made of?

  Long structures of DNA
• How is DNA structured in prokaryotes?

  It's made in a loop
• How do chromosomes typically exist?

  In pairs
• What type of molecule is DNA?

  A polymer
• What shape does DNA take?

  A double helix
• What is a gene?

  A small section of DNA
• What does each gene code for?

  A specific sequence of amino acids
• How many amino acids are used to make proteins?

  Twenty
• What do genes instruct cells to do?

  Put amino acids together in order
• What are examples of proteins determined by DNA?

  Haemoglobin and keratin
• What does DNA determine about a cell?

  What proteins the cell produces
• What is a genome?

  The entire set of genetic material
• What have scientists worked out regarding the human genome?

  The complete human genome
• Why is understanding the human genome important?

  It helps identify genes linked to diseases
• How can knowing genes linked to diseases help us?

  It aids in developing effective treatments
• What can scientists trace by looking at genomes?

  The migration of populations around the world
• Where did all modern humans descend from?

  A common ancestor in Africa
• What happens to the human genome as populations migrate?

  They develop tiny differences in genomes
• How can investigating genomic differences help scientists?

  It reveals when populations split and their routes
• What are the key concepts related to DNA, genes, and proteins?

  • DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid.
  • DNA contains coded information for organisms.
  • DNA is found in the nucleus of cells.
  • Chromosomes are long structures of DNA.
  • A gene is a section of DNA coding for proteins.
  • There are 20 amino acids used to make proteins.
  • The genome is the complete set of genetic material.
• What are the implications of understanding the human genome?

  • Identifying genes linked to diseases.
  • Developing effective treatments for inherited diseases.
  • Tracing migration patterns of human populations.