QA2 Preparation

• What is the primary energy currency of the cell?

  ATP
• Why do life processes require a constant supply of energy?

  Because cells use energy stored in organic molecules for various functions
• What role does ATP play in cellular processes?

  ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes
• What are the three parts that compose ATP?

  Adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
• Where is ATP formed in the cell?

  In the mitochondria during cellular respiration
• What is glycolysis?

  It is the conversion of glucose to pyruvate with ATP production
• What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?

  6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
• What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

  Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and helps convert it into food
• What are the requirements for photosynthesis?

  Carbon dioxide, water, sunlight, and chlorophyll
• What are the types of photosynthetic organisms?

  • Microalgae: Primary producers of oxygen
  • Plants: Primary terrestrial photosynthetic organisms
  • Macroalgae: Habitat and food for marine organisms
  • Bacteria: Some cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis
• What is the Calvin Cycle also known as?

  The Calvin-Benson Cycle or the Dark Reaction
• What is the main function of the Calvin Cycle?

  To convert carbon dioxide and light energy into glucose
• What are the three stages of the Calvin Cycle?

  Carbon fixation, carbon reduction, and regeneration of RuBP
• What happens during carbon fixation in the Calvin Cycle?

  Carbon dioxide is captured and incorporated into RuBP
• What is produced during the carbon reduction stage of the Calvin Cycle?

  Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
• What is the role of RuBisCO in the Calvin Cycle?

  It catalyzes the reaction that incorporates CO2 into RuBP
• What is glycolysis defined as?

  The sequence of reactions converting glucose to pyruvate
• What are the two phases of glycolysis?

  Preparatory phase and payoff phase
• What are the salient features of glycolysis?

  • Takes place in all cells
  • Enzymes are present in the cytosol
  • Anaerobic process (does not require oxygen)
• What does the term "glycolysis" mean in Greek?

  "Sweet breakdown" or "sweet splitting"
• What is the mnemonic for the steps of glycolysis?

  Molecules - Good Guys From France Give Daring Boys Perfect Picnic Parties
• What is the first step in glycolysis?

  Glucose is converted to glucose 6-phosphate
• What happens during the payoff phase of glycolysis?

  The cell gains 2 ATP and 2 NADH compounds
• What is the final product of glycolysis?

  Pyruvate
• What are the two phases of glycolysis and their characteristics?

  1. Preparatory Phase:

  • Consists of 5 steps
  • 2 ATP are consumed

  1. Payoff Phase:

  • Consists of 5 steps
  • 2 ATP and 2 NADH are produced
• What is the significance of glycolysis in cellular respiration?

  It is a prelude to the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
• What is the role of enzymes in glycolysis?

  They catalyze the reactions converting glucose to pyruvate
• What is the central pathway of catabolism?

  Glycolysis
• What is the significance of the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis?

  It converts carbon dioxide and light energy into glucose
• What is the role of NADPH in the Calvin Cycle?

  NADPH provides the reducing power for the conversion of 3-PGA to G3P
• What is the importance of RuBP in the Calvin Cycle?

  RuBP is essential for capturing CO2 and regenerating the cycle
• What is the outcome of the Calvin Cycle?

  Production of glucose and regeneration of RuBP
• How does the Calvin Cycle contribute to the overall process of photosynthesis?

  It synthesizes glucose using the energy captured during light-dependent reactions
• What is the relationship between glycolysis and cellular respiration?

  Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration
• What is the role of ATP in the Calvin Cycle?

  ATP provides energy for the conversion of 3-PGA to G3P
• What is the significance of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?

  They produce ATP and NADPH for the Calvin Cycle
• What is the importance of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

  It generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
• What is the final product of the Calvin Cycle?

  Glucose
• How does the Calvin Cycle utilize ATP and NADPH?

  They provide energy and reducing power for the conversion of 3-PGA to G3P
• What is the role of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) in the Calvin Cycle?

  RuBP captures carbon dioxide and is regenerated in the cycle