B1.1 Cells

• What are plasmids, and what are their role?


  Plasmids are a small, circular loops of DNA that are separate to the main DNA.

  They contain 'extra genes' that are sometimes useful to the bacteria, such as antibiotic resistance.
• Permanent Vacuole

  
• Flagellum/ flagella

  
• What are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?


  1. Eukaryotic cells are much larger than prokaryotic cells.
  2. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.
  3. Eukaryotic cells keep their DNA in the form of chromosomes within a nucleus, whilst prokaryotic cells have their DNA loose in the cell.
• Name 3 sub-cellular structures (organelles) that are found in the plant cells but not in the animal cells.


  Cell wall, permanent vacuole, chloroplast.

  
• What is chlorophyll?


  A green pigment within chloroplast that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis.

  It is chlorophyll that makes plants green.
• In plants, what is the cell wall made of?


  Cellulose.
• What is the role of the plant cell wall?


  It provides strength and structure to the plant cell, preventing it from bursting or shrinking when water enters/leaves the cell via osmosis.
• What is the role of the ribosomes?


  They are the site of protein synthesis (where proteins are made).
• Name 7 sub-cellular structures (organelles) That are found in bacterial cells.


  1. Cell wall.
  2. Cell membrane.
  3. Cytoplasm.
  4. flagellum (only some bacteria have these)
  5. Ribosome.
  6. Plasmid.
  7. Circular strand of DNA ('nucleoid').
• Name 5 sub-cellular structures (organelles) that are found in both animal and plant cells.


  1. Cell membrane.
  2. Ribosomes.
  3. Nucleus .
  4. Mitochondria.
  5. Cytoplasm.
• What is the role of the mitochondria?


  They carry out aerobic respiration, so provide energy (in the form of ATP) for the cell to use in chemical reactions.
• What is a cell


  A cell is the smallest unit of life that can live on its own. Cells can make up all living organisms and their tissues.
• What is the cell membrane and what is its role?


  The cell membrane is a protective barrier around the outside of the cell.

  It controls which substances can pass in and out of the cell.
• What is the prokaryotic cell wall composed of?


  Peptidoglycan.
• What is the role of chloroplasts?


  Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis, so make glucose for the cell.
• What is the role of the permanent vacuole?


  It supports the cell, maintaining its turgidity (shape).
• What is the role of the nucleus?


  It contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell, and so controls what the cell does.
• What is the cytoplasm and what is its role?


  The cytoplasm is a jelly-like liquid that fills the cell.

  It allows substances to dissolve, and chemical reactions to take place.
• What does the permanent vacuole contain?


  Cell sap (a solution of sugars, salts, and amino acids)
• For animal, plant and bacterial cells, state whether they are either eukaryotic or prokaryotic.

  Animal and plant cells are eukaryotic.

  Bacterial cells are prokaryotic.
• Cell membrane.

  
• Ribosome

  
• Plasmid.

  
• What sub-cellular structures are shown?

  .