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Paper 1 geography
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Cards (116)
What are the main topics covered in Paper One of the physical geography exam?
Natural hazards
, the
living world
, and
physical landscapes
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Which environments should you focus on in the living world section of the exam?
Cold environments
, not
deserts
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What sections should you answer in the physical landscapes part of the exam?
Coasts and rivers
, not
glacial landscapes
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What is a natural hazard?
A natural
process
that can cause death, injury, or
disruption
to humans, property, or possessions
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How can natural hazards be categorized?
Into
tectonic
,
geological
, and
atmospheric
hazards
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Give an example of a tectonic hazard.
Earthquakes
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What is the outer layer of the Earth called?
The
crust
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What is the thickness of the Earth's crust beneath the ocean?
About
5 to 10 kilometers
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What is the mantle's thickness?
About
2,900
kilometers thick
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What causes convection currents in the Earth's mantle?
Heat generated by
radioactive decay
of
elements
in the
core
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What happens to magma as it heats up?
It becomes
less dense
and rises
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What are the three types of plate boundaries?
Destructive
,
constructive
, and
conservative
plate margins
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What occurs at a destructive plate margin?
The crust is destroyed as one
tectonic plate
is
subducted
beneath another
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What is formed at a constructive plate margin?
New crust
is created as
tectonic plates
pull apart
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What happens at a conservative plate margin?
Two
tectonic plates
slide past each other, causing pressure to build up
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What is the focus of an earthquake?
The point where the
energy
is initially released
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What is the epicenter of an earthquake?
The point directly above the
focus
on the Earth's surface
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What are seismic waves?
Waves of energy that radiate outwards from the focus of an
earthquake
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What are some ways to manage earthquake risks?
Building earthquake-resistant
structures
and increasing public awareness
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What is the case study for the LIC earthquake?
The
Gawker
earthquake in
Nepal
in
2015
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What magnitude was the Gawker earthquake?
8
magnitude
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What is a secondary impact of the Gawker earthquake?
A
landslide
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What is the case study for the HIC earthquake?
The
Tohoku
earthquake in Japan in
2011
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What magnitude was the Tohoku earthquake?
0
magnitude
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What is a primary effect of an earthquake?
An
immediate impact
that occurs as a result of the earthquake
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What is a lahar?
A fast-flowing mudflow associated with
volcanic
activity
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What is pyroclastic flow?
A superheated gas and ash flow from a
volcano
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Why might some countries respond better to earthquakes than others?
Wealthier
countries can invest in better prediction and preparation
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What are the three cells in global atmospheric circulation?
The
Hadley cell
, the
Ferrel cell
, and the
Polar cell
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What happens at the equator in terms of atmospheric circulation?
Hot air rises
, spreads, cools, and sinks
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What is the relationship between pressure systems and weather?
Low pressure causes
stormy
weather, while
high pressure
leads to calm weather
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What is the slogan to remember about wind direction?
Winds always blow from
high
to low
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What are tropical storms called in different parts of the world?
They have different names depending on the region, such as
hurricanes
or
typhoons
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What happens at the equator when the sun heats the ground?
The area heats up, causing
air
to
rise
, spread, cool, and
sink
.
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What is the relationship between low pressure and weather conditions?
Low pressure is often caused by
hot air
rising, leading to
stormy
, cloudy weather.
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What is the slogan to remember about wind direction?
Winds always blow from
high
to low.
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How do tropical storms differ in name based on location?
Tropical storms have different names depending on the region they occur in.
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What are the six steps for forming a tropical storm?
The sun heats a large area of the ocean.
Warm, moist air rises, creating low pressure.
Air is sucked in, forming a thunderstorm.
Trade winds blow in the opposite direction.
The storm spins faster, exceeding 74 miles per hour.
Cool air sinks in the center, creating calm conditions.
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What happens to a tropical storm when it hits land?
It loses its energy source and begins to weaken.
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How might global warming affect tropical storms?
Increased ocean temperatures may lead to more frequent tropical storms.
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