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chem paper 1
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Cards (139)
What topics are covered in AQA GCC chemistry paper 1?
Topics 1 to 5:
atoms
, bonding,
quantitative
chemistry, and chemical and energy changes
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What is a compound?
A compound is a substance that contains two or more different types of
atoms
chemically
bonded together
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What does it mean if there is no number after a chemical symbol?
It indicates there is one
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What do chemical reactions involve regarding atoms?
Atoms change what they are
bonded
to and how they are bonded
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How can we represent a chemical reaction?
We can represent it with a
word equation
and a
chemical equation
using
symbols
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Why must chemical equations be balanced?
Because
atoms
are not created or destroyed in any
chemical reaction
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What is the first step in balancing a chemical equation?
Start balancing atoms that are only in
compounds
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What is the pro tip for balancing chemical equations?
Put numbers in front of
elements
or
compounds
to
multiply
them up
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What is a mixture?
A mixture is any combination of different types of
elements
and
compounds
that aren’t
chemically
bonded together
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Give an example of a mixture.
Air, which is a mixture of
oxygen
,
nitrogen
, and more
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How can you separate large insoluble particles from a liquid?
Using
filtration
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What is crystallization?
Crystallization leaves a
solute
that’s the solid dissolved in a liquid behind after evaporating the
solvent
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What is distillation?
Distillation involves
heating
the solution and cooling the gas to
condense
it back into a liquid
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What is fractional distillation?
Fractional distillation separates different liquids of a mixture based on their
boiling points
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What are the three main states of matter?
Solid
,
liquid
, and
gas
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How do particles behave in a solid state?
Particles
vibrate
around fixed positions
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How do particles behave in a liquid state?
Particles are still
touching
but are free to move past each other
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How do particles behave in a gas state?
Particles are far apart, move randomly, and have the most
energy
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What must be supplied to melt or evaporate a substance?
Energy
, usually in the form of
heat
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What do we indicate with state symbols in chemical equations?
We indicate the state substances are in: s for
solid
, l for
liquid
, g for
gas
, and aq for
aqueous
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Who discovered that atoms are made up of positive and negative charges?
JJ Thompson
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What is the plum pudding model of the atom?
It describes an atom as a
positive charge
with
electrons
dotted around it
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Who found that the positive charge in an atom is concentrated in the nucleus?
Ernest Rutherford
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What did Rutherford's experiment with alpha particles demonstrate?
Most alpha particles went straight through
gold atoms
, proving that atoms are
mostly empty space
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Who discovered that electrons exist in shells or orbitals?
Neil's
Bohr
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What are protons and neutrons' relative charges?
Protons are +1, neutrons are
0
, and
electrons
are -
1
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What is the relative mass of protons and neutrons?
They have a relative mass of
1
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What is the relative mass of electrons?
Electrons have a mass of
0
or very small
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What does the bottom number in the periodic table represent?
The
atomic number
, which is the number of protons in the
nucleus
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What does the top number in the periodic table represent?
The
mass number
or
relative atomic mass
(RAM), which tells how many
protons
and neutrons are in the
nucleus
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What is an ion?
An ion is an
atom
that has gained or lost
electrons
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What are isotopes?
Isotopes are atoms of the same
element
but with different numbers of
neutrons
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Why might the mass number not be a whole number in the periodic table?
Because it shows the average mass for all
isotopes
of that
element
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What is relative abundance?
Relative abundance refers to the
percentage
of different
isotopes
of an element
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How do you calculate the average relative atomic mass of chlorine?
Add the total masses of all
isotopes
and divide by
100
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How was the periodic table originally organized?
Elements were put in order of their
atomic weights
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Who grouped elements based on their properties, leading to gaps in the periodic table?
Dmitri Mendeleev
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What happens to the electron configuration as you move across the periodic table?
Electrons fill up
shells
from the inside out
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What is the maximum number of electrons in the first four shells?
2 in the first shell, 8 in the
second
and
third
shells, and 2 in the
fourth
shell
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What are metals in relation to electrons?
Metal atoms always donate electrons to gain an empty
outer shell
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