geo

• How many people were killed by natural hazards between 2002-2012?

  100,000 people
• What is the term for the chance or probability of being affected by a natural event?

  Hazard risk
• What are hydro-meteorological hazards caused by?

  Running water
• What percentage of the world's population lives in urban areas?

  50%
• What are some examples of hydro-meteorological hazards?

  Flooding, hurricanes, tornadoes
• What are geophysical hazards caused by?

  Earth processes
• What internal earth processes are associated with tectonic origin?

  Earthquakes and volcanoes
• What external earth processes are associated with geomorphological origin?

  Processes caused by weather patterns
• How does poverty affect people's vulnerability to natural hazards?

  Poor people live in more challenging conditions
• How does climate change influence natural hazards?

  It increases the frequency of natural hazards
• What is the significance of fertile land in farming regarding natural hazards?

  Fertile land is essential for agriculture
• What can better building designs do in relation to natural hazards?

  They can reduce the impact of natural hazards
• What is the role of monitoring hazards?

  It helps people evaluate risks
• Why might people be unaware of risks associated with natural hazards?

  They may lack information or education
• What dangers do volcanoes pose?

  They can cause eruptions and ash fallout
• What are erosional processes?

  Processes that remove soil and rock from one location to another
• How do natural events like earthquakes and floods interact with human activity?

  They can exacerbate the effects of human activities
• What is the significance of urbanization in relation to hazard risk?

  Urbanization increases the vulnerability to natural hazards
• What is the importance of monitoring hazards?

  It allows for better preparedness and response
• What is the temperature of the Earth's inner core?

  6000°
• What metals make up the Earth's inner core?

  Iron and nickel
• What is the state of the Earth's outer core?

  Liquid metal shell
• What is the temperature of the Earth's mantle?

  3000°
• What is the composition of the Earth's crust?

  Solid rock, primarily granite
• How do oceanic and continental crusts differ?

  Oceanic crusts are newer, thinner, denser, and can be destroyed, while continental crusts are older, thicker, less dense, and cannot be destroyed.
• What is a plate boundary?

  A plate boundary is the border between two tectonic plates.
• What is beach nourishment?

  Beach nourishment is the addition of sand/shingle to an existing beach to make it higher/wider.
• What are the costs and benefits of beach nourishment?

  Cost is £500,000 per 100m; benefits include easy maintenance and increased tourism.
• What are the main methods of coastal management mentioned in the study material?

  • Beach nourishment
  • Dune fencing
  • Dune regeneration
  • Managed retreat
  • Sea walls
  • Rock armour
  • Groynes
• What are convection currents in the context of Earth's geology?

  Convection currents are heat movements from the core to the mantle that cause the crust to spread apart.
• What is dune fencing and its purpose?

  Dune fencing involves constructing fences along existing dunes to encourage dune formation.
• What is the cost range for dune fencing?

  £400-£2000 per 100m
• What is dune regeneration?

  Dune regeneration involves planting Marram grass to stabilize dunes.
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of dune fencing?

  Advantages include minimal impact on natural systems; disadvantages include aesthetic concerns and maintenance needs.
• What is the cost range for dune regeneration?

  £2000-£2000 per 100m
• What is managed retreat in coastal management?

  Managed retreat involves allowing the sea to flood over low-lying land as a controlled retreat of the coastline.
• What is the cost range for constructing a sea wall?

  £5000-£210,000 per metre
• What is the purpose of a sea wall?

  A sea wall is a concrete or rock barrier against the sea.
• What is rock armour and its purpose?

  Rock armour consists of large boulders dumped at the foot of the cliff to absorb wave energy.
• What is the cost of rock armour?

  £200,000 per 100m