Organisation

• What is the role of mitochondria?


  site of aerobic respiration so they release energy for the cell
• What is the role of white blood cells?


  Defeat pathogens
• Are bacteria cells multicellular or unicellular?


  unicellular
• True or false bacteria have both a cell membrane and a cell wall 


  True
• What is translocation?


  The movement of cell sap up and down the plant
• What passes up the xylem?


  water
• what are the three reasons why new cells are required?

  Growth, repair and development
• Give three ways in which villi are adapted for this role?

  Many villi = large surface area to absorb nutrients

  Single layer cell = short diffusion path

  Good blood supply = strong concentration gradient between the lumen and the blood
• What is active transport?


  the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration this requires energy from respiration
• What are lipids made from?

  A single glycerol molecule and there fatty acid molecules
• What are the advantages of using adult stem cells rather than embryonic stem cells?


  -Adult stem cells are taken from patient so there isn’t a limited supply

  -Adult stem cells won’t cause rejection as they’re taken from the patient themselves
• What cells make up the muscular tissue in the stomach?


  muscle cell
• What is the job of the muscular tissue?

  churn up food and digestive juices
• What cell makes up glandular tissue?

  Secretary cells
• what is the job of the glandular tissue?


  Produce and release enzymes
• What is the job of the epithelial tissue?


  Covers the outside of the organs
• What are the three types of tissue?


  glandular,epithelial and muscular
• What do ribosomes do


  Make proteins
• What are the different organs in the digestive system?


  Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and duodenum
• what makes up starch?


  Glucose
• What is the food test for starch and what is a positive result?


  Iodine-black
• What makes up proteins?


  Amino acids
• What is the test for protein and what is the positive result?

  Biuret-lilac
• What makes up lipids?


  Fatty acids and glycerol
• What is the food test for lipids and what is a positive result?


  Ethanol-white
• What is the food test and positive result for glucose?


  Benedict’s- red/orange
• What is the food test and positive result for glucose?


  Benedict’s- red/orange
• What is activation energy?


  Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.
• How do enzymes affect the activation energy?


  Lower it
• What is the shape of the enzymes active site like?


  Complementary to the substrate
• What happens when the products are made?


  Products are released from the active site
• Can enzymes be used again?


  Yes
• what type of biological molecule are enzymes?


  protein
• What food test can be used to identify enzymes 


  Biuret
• What are the factors that increase the rate of enzyme reaction?

  temperature and ph
• What are enzymes?


  Biological catalysts
• What does denature mean?


  The enzymes active site changes shape and the enzyme is no longer complementary to the substrate
• What does optimum mean 


  The best temperature or ph for the enzyme to work the quickest
• What does amylase break down?


  Starch to sugars/glucose
• What converts protein to amino acids?

  protease