Bones 1

• What are the main components of a long bone?

  Medullary cavity, diaphysis, cortical bone, metaphysis, cancellous bone, physis, epiphysis
• What are the two types of ossification in bone development?

  • Intramembranous ossification: Formation from condensed mesenchymal tissue, occurs in skull and periosteal surfaces.
  • Endochondral ossification: Bone formation from cartilage precursors, most bones develop by this method, continues until growth plate closes.
• What is lamellar bone characterized by?

  Collagen in layers, organized into osteons
• What is woven bone characterized by?

  Disorganized collagen, present during rapid formation
• What are the two main types of bone?

  • Cortical (Compact) Bone: Dense structure with osteons.
  • Trabecular (Cancellous) Bone: Spongy structure with interosseous space.
• What are the three distinct zones of the growth plate?

  1. Reserve Zone: Anchors to trabecular bone.
  2. Proliferative Zone: Columns of proliferating chondrocytes.
  3. Hypertrophic Zone: Enlarged chondrocytes, matrix mineralization.
• What is the function of osteoblasts?

  Form bone, active in young animals
• What is the function of osteocytes?

  Maintain bone matrix, regulate calcium
• What is the function of osteoclasts?

  Resorb bone, multinucleated, located in Howship's lacunae
• What is the composition of the bone matrix?

  • Organic: Type I collagen, osteonectin, osteocalcin, proteoglycans.
  • Inorganic: Hydroxyapatite crystals.
• What hormones influence bone health?

  • Parathyroid hormone
  • Vitamin D3
  • Calcitonin
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Estrogen
• What is the process of bone remodeling?

  • Continuous process of removing old bone and replacing it with new.
  • Osteoclasts create resorption canals, filled by osteoblasts.
• What are the types of physeal injuries?

  • Hypertrophic zone is the weakest point.
  • May lead to epiphyseolysis and angular limb deformity.
• What are the common types of fractures?

  • Simple
  • Comminuted
  • Impacted
  • Compound
  • Greenstick
  • Avulsion
• What is the repair process for fractures?

  • Involves haematoma formation.
  • Callus formation.
  • Gradual maturation.
• What factors affect bone healing?

  • Stability
  • Presence of infection
  • Necrotic bone fragments
• Why is monitoring bone health important in the veterinary field?

  • Understanding repair mechanisms is crucial for treatment and recovery.