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Mitosis, Meiosis
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Cards (44)
What is mitosis?
Mitosis
is
nuclear division
giving rise to
genetically
identical cells.
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What roles does mitosis play in organisms?
Mitosis
is involved in growth, repair of damaged tissues, replacement of cells, and asexual reproduction.
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What happens to chromosomes before mitosis?
Exact
replication
of chromosomes occurs before mitosis.
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What occurs to the copies of chromosomes during mitosis?
The copies of chromosomes separate, maintaining the chromosome number in each
daughter cell
.
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What are stem cells?
Stem cells are
unspecialized
cells that divide by
mitosis
to produce
daughter cells
that can become specialized.
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What is the role of meiosis?
Meiosis is involved in the production of
gametes
.
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How does meiosis differ from mitosis in terms of chromosome number?
Meiosis is a reduction division where the chromosome number is halved from
diploid
to
haploid
.
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What are the key processes involved in cell division?
Cell division increases cell number.
Differentiation
occurs for specialization.
Examples include bone marrow producing blood cells and skin cell replacement.
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What are chromosomes made of?
Chromosomes are made of DNA wrapped around
histone
proteins
.
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What is the difference between chromosomes and chromatin?
Chromosomes are
condensed
DNA visible during
cell division
, while chromatin is
uncondensed
DNA present when the cell is not dividing.
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What is a haploid nucleus?
A haploid nucleus contains a single set of unpaired
chromosomes
.
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What is a diploid nucleus?
A diploid nucleus contains two sets of
chromosomes
.
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What are homologous chromosomes?
Homologous chromosomes are similar in size, position of the
centromere
, and the genes they carry.
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What is the cell cycle?
The cell cycle is the period between
cell division
and the next.
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What are the stages of the cell cycle?
Interphase
(DNA replication)
Mitosis
(
nuclear division
)
Cytokinesis
(
cytoplasmic division
)
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What is the significance of DNA replication before mitosis?
DNA replication ensures each
chromosome
duplicates itself to maintain chromosome number in
daughter cells
.
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What is the role of stem cells in the body?
Stem cells divide by
mitosis
to produce specialized cells for
specific
functions.
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What are embryonic stem cells?
Embryonic stem cells are
undifferentiated cells
taken from early
embryos
that can develop into any kind of cell.
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What are adult stem cells?
Adult stem cells are
undifferentiated
cells taken from the body after
development
.
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What is the importance of meiosis in sexual reproduction?
Meiosis produces
genetic variation
and maintains
chromosomal
number during
fertilization
.
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What happens to chromosomes during the first meiotic division?
Homologous chromosomes
lie alongside each other and
cross over
, separating during the first meiotic division.
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How many cells are produced at the end of meiosis?
Meiosis produces
four
haploid
cells.
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What is the significance of genetic variation in sexual reproduction?
Genetic variation allows for adaptation to changing
environments
and survival of
species
.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
Advantages:
Variation in
offspring
Adaptation to changing
environments
New disease-resistant varieties
Disadvantages:
Fewer offspring
Slow process
Two
parents
needed
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction for farmers?
Advantages:
Produces identical plants with desired traits
Quick and efficient
Disadvantages:
Vulnerability to pests and diseases
Lack of
genetic variation
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What is sexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction is the fusion of two
haploid
gametes
to form a
diploid
zygote
.
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What is fertilization?
Fertilization is the fusion of
gametes’
nuclei producing a
diploid
zygote
.
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Why must gametes be haploid?
Gametes must be haploid to prevent the
chromosome
number from doubling during
sexual reproduction
.
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How many chromosomes do human egg and sperm cells contain?
Human egg and sperm cells contain
23
chromosomes each.
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What distinguishes male gametes from female gametes?
Male gametes are smaller and
mobile
, while female gametes are larger and mostly immobile.
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What are hermaphrodites?
Hermaphrodites are organisms that can produce both male and female
gametes
.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
Advantages:
Variation in
offspring
Adaptation to changing
environments
New disease-resistant varieties
Disadvantages:
Fewer offspring
Slow process
Two
parents
needed
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
Advantages:
Produces
identical
offspring
Quick and efficient
Disadvantages:
Vulnerability to diseases
Lack of
genetic variation
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How can farmers use asexual reproduction?
Farmers can use
asexual reproduction
to produce more
plants
with the
same characteristics.
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How can farmers use sexual reproduction?
Farmers can use
sexual reproduction
to
breed
new
varieties
of
plants.
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Interphase
is the longest stage of the
cell cycle
where
DNA replication
occurs during
S phase
.
Mitosis
is essential for growth and repair in
multicellular
organisms, while
meiosis
is crucial for sexual reproduction.
The
cell cycle
is the series of events that occur between one
mitotic
division and another.
The
cell cycle
consists of
interphase
(
G1
,
S
,
G2
) and
mitotic
phase.
Mitosis is a
single
division
process, whereas meiosis involves
two
rounds of cell division.
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