Mitosis, Meiosis

    Cards (44)

    • What is mitosis?
      Mitosis is nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells.
    • What roles does mitosis play in organisms?
      Mitosis is involved in growth, repair of damaged tissues, replacement of cells, and asexual reproduction.
    • What happens to chromosomes before mitosis?
      Exact replication of chromosomes occurs before mitosis.
    • What occurs to the copies of chromosomes during mitosis?
      The copies of chromosomes separate, maintaining the chromosome number in each daughter cell.
    • What are stem cells?
      Stem cells are unspecialized cells that divide by mitosis to produce daughter cells that can become specialized.
    • What is the role of meiosis?
      Meiosis is involved in the production of gametes.
    • How does meiosis differ from mitosis in terms of chromosome number?
      Meiosis is a reduction division where the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid.
    • What are the key processes involved in cell division?
      • Cell division increases cell number.
      • Differentiation occurs for specialization.
      • Examples include bone marrow producing blood cells and skin cell replacement.
    • What are chromosomes made of?
      Chromosomes are made of DNA wrapped around histone proteins.
    • What is the difference between chromosomes and chromatin?
      Chromosomes are condensed DNA visible during cell division, while chromatin is uncondensed DNA present when the cell is not dividing.
    • What is a haploid nucleus?
      A haploid nucleus contains a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
    • What is a diploid nucleus?
      A diploid nucleus contains two sets of chromosomes.
    • What are homologous chromosomes?
      Homologous chromosomes are similar in size, position of the centromere, and the genes they carry.
    • What is the cell cycle?
      The cell cycle is the period between cell division and the next.
    • What are the stages of the cell cycle?
      1. Interphase (DNA replication)
      2. Mitosis (nuclear division)
      3. Cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division)
    • What is the significance of DNA replication before mitosis?
      DNA replication ensures each chromosome duplicates itself to maintain chromosome number in daughter cells.
    • What is the role of stem cells in the body?
      Stem cells divide by mitosis to produce specialized cells for specific functions.
    • What are embryonic stem cells?
      Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated cells taken from early embryos that can develop into any kind of cell.
    • What are adult stem cells?
      Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells taken from the body after development.
    • What is the importance of meiosis in sexual reproduction?
      Meiosis produces genetic variation and maintains chromosomal number during fertilization.
    • What happens to chromosomes during the first meiotic division?
      Homologous chromosomes lie alongside each other and cross over, separating during the first meiotic division.
    • How many cells are produced at the end of meiosis?
      Meiosis produces four haploid cells.
    • What is the significance of genetic variation in sexual reproduction?
      Genetic variation allows for adaptation to changing environments and survival of species.
    • What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
      Advantages:
      • Variation in offspring
      • Adaptation to changing environments
      • New disease-resistant varieties

      Disadvantages:
      • Fewer offspring
      • Slow process
      • Two parents needed
    • What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction for farmers?
      Advantages:
      • Produces identical plants with desired traits
      • Quick and efficient

      Disadvantages:
      • Vulnerability to pests and diseases
      • Lack of genetic variation
    • What is sexual reproduction?
      Sexual reproduction is the fusion of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote.
    • What is fertilization?
      Fertilization is the fusion of gametes’ nuclei producing a diploid zygote.
    • Why must gametes be haploid?
      Gametes must be haploid to prevent the chromosome number from doubling during sexual reproduction.
    • How many chromosomes do human egg and sperm cells contain?
      Human egg and sperm cells contain 23 chromosomes each.
    • What distinguishes male gametes from female gametes?
      Male gametes are smaller and mobile, while female gametes are larger and mostly immobile.
    • What are hermaphrodites?
      Hermaphrodites are organisms that can produce both male and female gametes.
    • What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
      Advantages:
      • Variation in offspring
      • Adaptation to changing environments
      • New disease-resistant varieties

      Disadvantages:
      • Fewer offspring
      • Slow process
      • Two parents needed
    • What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
      Advantages:
      • Produces identical offspring
      • Quick and efficient

      Disadvantages:
      • Vulnerability to diseases
      • Lack of genetic variation
    • How can farmers use asexual reproduction?
      Farmers can use asexual reproduction to produce more plants with the same characteristics.
    • How can farmers use sexual reproduction?
      Farmers can use sexual reproduction to breed new varieties of plants.
    • Interphase is the longest stage of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs during S phase.
    • Mitosis is essential for growth and repair in multicellular organisms, while meiosis is crucial for sexual reproduction.
    • The cell cycle is the series of events that occur between one mitotic division and another.
    • The cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitotic phase.
    • Mitosis is a single division process, whereas meiosis involves two rounds of cell division.
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