1st

• What happens to energy storage when a system changes?

  There are changes in the way energy is stored
• What is a system in the context of energy changes?

  • An object or group of objects
• What are common situations where energy storage changes occur?

  • An object projected upwards
  • A moving object hitting an obstacle
  • An object accelerated by a constant force
  • A vehicle slowing down
  • Bringing water to a boil in an electric kettle
• What are the methods of energy change calculation mentioned?

  Heating, work done by forces, and work done when a current flows
• What is the kinetic energy equation?

  kinetic energy = 0.5 × mass × speed$^2$
• What are the units for kinetic energy, mass, and speed?

  Kinetic energy in joules, mass in kilograms, speed in metres per second
• How is elastic potential energy calculated?

  elastic potential energy = 0.5 × spring constant × extension$^2$
• What are the units for elastic potential energy, spring constant, and extension?

  Elastic potential energy in joules, spring constant in newtons per metre, extension in metres
• What is the gravitational potential energy equation?

  1. p.e. = mass × gravitational field strength × height
• What are the units for gravitational potential energy, mass, gravitational field strength, and height?

  Gravitational potential energy in joules, mass in kilograms, gravitational field strength in newtons per kilogram, height in metres
• What is the equation for calculating changes in thermal energy?

  change in thermal energy = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change
• What are the units for change in thermal energy, mass, specific heat capacity, and temperature change?

  Change in thermal energy in joules, mass in kilograms, specific heat capacity in joules per kilogram per degree Celsius, temperature change in degrees Celsius
• What does specific heat capacity represent?

  The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of a substance by one degree Celsius
• What is the definition of power in physics?

  • The rate at which energy is transferred
  • The rate at which work is done
• What is the equation for power?

  power = energy transferred / time
• What is the relationship between energy transfer and power?

  An energy transfer of 1 joule per second equals a power of 1 watt
• What is the principle of energy conservation?

  • Energy can be transferred usefully, stored, or dissipated
  • Energy cannot be created or destroyed
• What can students illustrate to explain the definition of power?

  Examples comparing two electric motors lifting the same weight at different speeds
• How is energy often described when it is dissipated?

  As being 'wasted'
• What happens to total energy in a closed system?

  There is no net change to the total energy
• What are some ways to reduce unwanted energy transfers?

  Through lubrication and the use of thermal insulation
• What factors affect the rate of cooling of a building?

  The thickness and thermal conductivity of its walls
• How does thermal conductivity affect energy transfer?

  The higher the thermal conductivity, the higher the rate of energy transfer by conduction
• What is the equation for calculating energy efficiency?

  • efficiency = useful output energy transfer / total input energy transfer
  • efficiency = useful power output / total power input
• How can efficiency values be expressed?

  As a decimal or as a percentage
• What should students be able to describe regarding energy efficiency?

  Ways to increase the efficiency of an intended energy transfer
• What are the main energy resources available on Earth?

  • Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas)
  • Nuclear fuel
  • Biofuel
  • Wind
  • Hydro-electricity
  • Geothermal
  • Tides
  • Sun
  • Water waves
• What defines a renewable energy resource?

  One that is being or can be replenished as it is used
• What are the uses of energy resources?

  • Transport
  • Electricity generation
  • Heating
• What should students be able to distinguish between regarding energy resources?

  Renewable and non-renewable energy resources
• Why are some energy resources considered more reliable than others?

  Due to their availability and consistency
• What should students be able to describe regarding the environmental impact of energy resources?

  The environmental impact arising from the use of different energy resources
• What patterns and trends should students understand about energy resources?

  Patterns and trends in the use of energy resources
• What should students consider regarding environmental issues and energy resources?

  The environmental issues arising from the use of different energy resources
• What is the limitation of science in addressing environmental issues from energy resources?

  Science can identify issues but may lack the power to deal with them due to political, social, ethical, or economic considerations