B1

• What types of cells are included in eukaryotic cells?

  Plant and animal cells
• What are the main components of eukaryotic cells?

  Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material enclosed in the nucleus
• What are the components of prokaryotic cells?

  Cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, genetic material not enclosed in the nucleus, and plasmids
• What type of cells do prokaryotic cells contain?

  Bacteria
• What are sub-cellular structures?

  Structures within a cell
• What sub-cellular structures are found in animal cells?

  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
• What do animal cells lack compared to plant cells?

  Cell wall, chloroplasts, and vacuole
• Where is energy released from glucose in a cell?

  In the mitochondria
• What is the function of cytoplasm in a cell?

  It is a jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions happen
• What is the role of the cell membrane?

  It surrounds the cell and controls movement of substances in and out
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  They make proteins
• What is the cell wall made of?

  Cellulose
• What is the purpose of the cell wall?

  It provides structure and support
• Where does photosynthesis occur?

  In the chloroplasts
• What role does chlorophyll play in chloroplasts?

  It absorbs light
• What does the vacuole contain?

  Cell sap and a solution of sugar and salts
• How do we observe cells?

  Using a microscope
• What type of light does a light microscope use?

  Visible light
• What are the key features of a light microscope?

  • Stage
  • Objective lens
  • Eye piece lens
  • Focus adjustment
  • Light source
• What does an electron microscope use?

  Electrons and electron lenses
• What is magnification?

  How many times bigger an image is than the actual size
• What is resolution in microscopy?

  The minimum distance apart that two objects can be to see them as different objects
• What are the advantages of using an electron microscope?

  Higher magnification and resolution
• How is magnification calculated?

  Image size divided by actual size
• What does the prefix milli mean?

  Thousandth of a metre ($x10^{-3}$)
• What does the prefix micro mean?

  A millionth of a metre ($x10^{-6}$)
• What does the prefix nano mean?

  A billionth of a metre ($x10^{-9}$)
• What is the relationship between the prefixes milli, micro, and nano?

  Each is $x1000$ smaller than the previous one
• What does cell differentiation mean?

  It is the process by which a cell changes to become specialized for a particular job
• When does most differentiation occur in animal cells?

  In the early stages of development
• What is the purpose of cell division in mature animals?

  To repair and replace cells
• What occurs in plant cells throughout their life?

  Cell differentiation
• What is a specialised cell?

  A cell that has a structural adaptation to perform a particular function
• What are three examples of specialised cells in animals?

  • Sperm cells
  • Nerve cells
  • Muscle cells
• How is a sperm cell specialised for its function?

  It has a long tail and streamlined head to swim and lots of mitochondria for energy
• How is a nerve cell specialised for its function?

  It has long branched connections to connect to other nerve cells and form a network
• What are three examples of specialised cells in plants?

  • Root hair cells
  • Xylem
  • Phloem
• How do bacteria divide?

  By binary fission
• How often can bacteria divide?

  Up to once every 20 minutes
• On what do bacteria grow in a lab?

  Nutrient broth or agar gel plate