type 1 diabetes

• What is the focus of the overview in the study material on type 1 diabetes?

  Basic pathophysiology, epidemiology, and prognosis of type 1 diabetes

  
• What is the purpose of understanding different types of insulin?

  To gain a better understanding of their roles in diabetes management

  
• Why is insulin considered a high-risk drug?

  Due to the potential for prescribing and administration errors

  
• What acute diabetic complications should be described in relation to type 1 diabetes?

  Hypoglycaemia and Diabetic Keto-Acidosis (DKA)
• What is the purpose of sick day rules in diabetes management?

  To provide guidance on managing diabetes during illness
• What is the primary metabolic fuel used by cells?

  Glucose
• How is glucose absorbed into the body?

  Through diet, glycogen breakdown, and gluconeogenesis

  
• What is the role of insulin in the body?

  To lower blood glucose levels after eating
• What happens when blood glucose levels are low?

  Glucagon is secreted to increase glucose levels
• What is the effect of high glucose levels on insulin secretion?

  Insulin secretion increases to lower blood glucose
• What is the definition of type 1 diabetes?

  An absolute insulin deficiency causing persistent hyperglycaemia

  
• What causes type 1 diabetes?

  Auto-immune destruction of β-cells in the Islets of Langerhans
• What is the random plasma glucose level that indicates hyperglycaemia?

  Greater than 11 mmol/L

  
• What are the risk factors for developing type 1 diabetes related to family history?

  Increased risk if a parent or sibling has type 1 diabetes
• In which populations is type 1 diabetes more common?

  More common in Northern European countries
• What is the relationship between age and type II diabetes risk?

  Risk increases if over 40 years old
• What is the significance of weight in type II diabetes?

  80% of people diagnosed are overweight
• What waist circumference is associated with increased risk of type II diabetes in women?

  Greater than 80 cm
• What is the aim of treatment for type 1 diabetes?

  To manage blood glucose levels effectively

  
• What is the typical age group for diagnosis of type 1 diabetes?

  Usually diagnosed in children and young adults

  
• What are the types of insulin mentioned in the study material?

  Rapid acting, short acting, intermediate, long acting, and mixed insulins

  
• What is the onset time for rapid acting insulin?

  10-20 minutes
• What is the duration of short acting insulin?

  12-20 hours
• What is the purpose of mixed insulins?

  To compensate for the rise in blood glucose after meals
• What is the significance of higher strength insulin?

  Good for patients who require large doses
• What is a common error associated with insulin administration?

  Using a non-specific syringe marked in ml instead of units
• What are the signs of hypoglycaemia?

  Symptoms include fatigue, confusion, and sweating

  
• What should be done for a conscious person experiencing mild hypoglycaemia?

  Encourage uptake of rapid acting glucose
• What is the treatment for moderate hypoglycaemia in a conscious person?

  Administer GlucoGel or jam inside cheeks
• What is the treatment for severe hypoglycaemia?

  Administer Glucagon intramuscularly
• What is the importance of regular glucose monitoring for insulin users?

  To reduce the risk of hypoglycaemia
• What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

  A medical emergency caused by lack of insulin
• What are the signs and symptoms of DKA?

  Fatigue, nausea, 'pear drop' breath, and confusion
• What is the management of DKA?

  Rehydration with intravenous fluids and electrolyte replacement
• What are sick day rules for diabetes management?

  Guidelines for managing diabetes during illness
• What is the aim of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion?

  To maintain normoglycaemia during illness
• What are the key components of the pathophysiology of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

  • Lack of insulin leads to abnormal fat breakdown
  • Ketone production results in ketonaemia
  • Hyperglycaemia occurs due to hepatic overproduction of glucose
  • Electrolyte imbalance and dehydration are common
  • Medical emergency with high mortality if unmanaged
• What are the counseling points for patients with diabetes regarding hypoglycaemia?

  • Discuss likely causes of hypoglycaemia
  • Encourage carrying glucose for immediate treatment
  • Confirm blood glucose meter accuracy
  • Educate family/carers about treatment
  • Provide written information for further support
• What are the different types of insulin and their characteristics?

  • Rapid acting: Onset 10-20 min, Duration 3-5 hr
  • Short acting: Onset 1-2 hr, Duration 12-20 hr
  • Intermediate: Onset 1-2 hr, Duration 8-10 hr
  • Long acting: Onset 1-4 hr, Duration 20-24 hr
  • Mixed: Combination of short and long acting

  
• What are the non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors for type II diabetes?

  Non-modifiable:

  • Family history
  • Ethnicity
  • Age

  
  

  Modifiable:

  • Weight
  • Waist circumference
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Social deprivation/low income