endo exam 3

• What are the two types of variables that differentiate sex and gender?

  Biological variables and social/cultural variables
• What is the primary focus of the learning objectives in sex differentiation?

  To understand the role of genes and hormones in sex differentiation during development
• What are the different types of sex determination?

  • Genetic Sex
  • Hormonal Sex
  • Morphological Sex
  • Gonadal Sex
  • Behavioral Sex
  • Physiological Sex
• How do mammals determine genetic sex?

  Using a chromosomal method: XX = female and XY = male
• What is the role of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome?

  It acts as a master switch for testis development
• What happens to the Y chromosome over time?

  It accumulates mutations and shortens to fix these mutations
• What is the significance of gonadal sex being bipotential in early embryos?

  It means the embryo can develop into either testes or ovaries
• What is the role of Leydig cells in the testes?

  They produce testosterone
• What hormone do Sertoli cells produce?

  Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH)
• What are the patterns of testosterone secretion during development?

  • Two surges in testosterone occur prenatally
  • The first surge happens before HPG axis activation
  • Influences reproductive morphology and behaviors
• What stimulates early testosterone secretion during gestation?

  Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
• What is the function of hCG during the first trimester?

  It maintains pregnancy and stimulates steroidogenesis
• How do testosterone and AMH influence morphological sex differentiation?

  They direct internal and external morphological changes
• What happens to the Müllerian ducts in the absence of hormones?

  They develop into the fallopian tubes, uterus, and cervix
• What is the role of testosterone in male internal morphology?

  It prevents regression of the Wolffian duct
• What is the significance of Alfred Jost's experiments?

  They explored the role of hormones in sexual differentiation
• What happens when a testis is grafted to an ovary in Jost's experiments?

  Testicular hormones maintain the Wolffian duct and regress the Müllerian duct
• What does dihydrotestosterone (DHT) do in external morphology?

  DHT is responsible for the differentiation of the genital tubercle into the glans of the penis
• What is the condition of pseudo-penises in female spotted hyenas attributed to?

  Early exposure to high levels of androgens produced by the mother
• What is Differences of Sex Development (DSD)?

  • A general term for various conditions where reproductive anatomy doesn't fit typical definitions of male or female
  • Caused by differences in external genitalia, chromosomes, gonads, internal organs, hormone production, and response
• What could cause a person with male external genitalia to have a uterus and fallopian tubes?

  An XY individual with no AMH, leading to Müllerian duct persistence
• What is Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome?

  A mutation in the AMH gene causing both Wolffian and Müllerian ducts to develop
• What happens in 5 α-reductase deficiency?

  Individuals cannot convert testosterone into DHT
• What is the term used for children in the Dominican Republic who develop a penis at puberty?

  Guevedoces
• What is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)?

  A condition where adrenal glands overproduce androgens due to lack of cortisol and aldosterone
• What happens if androgen receptors do not function in XY individuals?

  Testosterone and DHT cannot bind, leading to female external anatomy
• What is Androgen Insufficiency Syndrome (AIS)?

  • The most prevalent cause of intersex among people with XY chromosomes
  • Testosterone is produced but cannot be responded to due to lack of functional androgen receptors
  • Results in rudimentary testes and female external anatomy
• What are some notable cases related to intersex conditions in sports?

  • Caster Semenya
  • Dutee Chand
• What is the significance of the blue and pink aisle in toy stores?

  It reflects societal gender norms and expectations