bonding and structure

• What are shells made up of in atomic structure?

  Shells are made up of sub-shells
• What does the first shell contain?

  The first shell contains only the s subshell
• What subshells are present in the second shell?

  The second shell contains the s and p subshells
• What subshells are found in the third shell?

  The third shell contains the s, p, and d subshells
• What subshells does the fourth shell contain?

  The fourth shell contains the s, p, d, and f subshells
• What are subshells made up of?

  Subshells are made up of orbitals
• What is an orbital?

  An orbital is a region of space in an atom that can hold up to 2 electrons with opposite spins
• How many types of orbitals are covered in this material?

  There are four types of orbitals: s, p, d, and f orbitals
• What is the shape of s-orbitals?

  1. orbitals are spherical in shape (3D)
• How many s-orbitals are there in each shell?

  There is only one s-orbital in each shell
• How many electrons can the s-subshell hold?

  The s-subshell can hold 2 electrons
• What is the shape of p orbitals?

  The p orbital is dumbbell-shaped
• How many p orbitals are there in each shell?

  There are three p orbitals in each shell
• How many electrons can the p-subshell hold?

  The p-subshell can hold 6 electrons
• How many d-orbitals are there in the d-subshell?

  There are 5 d-orbitals which make up the d-subshell
• How many electrons can the d-subshell hold?

  The d-subshell can hold 10 electrons
• How many f orbitals are there in the f-subshell?

  There are 7 f orbitals that make up the f-subshell
• How many electrons can the f-subshell hold?

  The f-subshell can hold up to 14 electrons
• How many electrons can the first shell hold?

  The first shell can hold up to 2 electrons
• How many electrons can the second shell hold?

  The second shell can hold up to 8 electrons
• How many electrons can the third shell hold?

  The third shell can hold up to 18 electrons
• How many electrons can the fourth shell hold?

  The fourth shell can hold up to 32 electrons
• How do orbitals increase in energy level?

  Orbitals go up in energy level in size and shell order
• Where does the 4s orbital fit in the energy level order?

  The 4s orbital is between the 3p and 3d orbitals
• What is the first step in filling orbitals with electrons?

  Electrons occupy the lowest subshell in the lowest energy level available first
• How are orbitals represented when writing electron configurations?

  Each orbital in each subshell is represented by a box
• How are electrons represented in orbital diagrams?

  Each electron is represented by a single-headed arrow
• How are two electrons in the same orbital represented?

  Two electrons in the same orbital are represented by two arrows pointing in opposite directions
• What happens once a subshell is filled?

  Once a subshell is filled, you move on to the next subshell
• What is Hund's rule regarding filling orbitals?

  Each orbital must be half-filled before the first one can be filled
• How is an element's electron configuration written?

  You write the subshell and the number of electrons in it
• What is the electron configuration of sodium?

  Sodium’s electron configuration is 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^1
• What are the key features of the four types of orbitals (s, p, d, f)?

  • S-orbitals: Spherical shape, 1 orbital, holds 2 electrons
  • P-orbitals: Dumbbell shape, 3 orbitals, holds 6 electrons
  • D-orbitals: 5 orbitals, holds 10 electrons
  • F-orbitals: 7 orbitals, holds 14 electrons
• What is the maximum electron capacity for each shell?

  • First shell: 2 electrons
  • Second shell: 8 electrons
  • Third shell: 18 electrons
  • Fourth shell: 32 electrons
• What is the order of filling orbitals based on energy levels?

  1. 1s
  2. 2s
  3. 2p
  4. 3s
  5. 3p
  6. 4s
  7. 3d
  8. 4p
• What are the rules for representing electrons in orbital diagrams?

  • Each orbital is represented by a box
  • Each electron is represented by a single-headed arrow
  • Two electrons in the same orbital are represented by arrows pointing in opposite directions
  • Each orbital must be half-filled before the first one can be filled (Hund’s rule)