Module 2 - Foundations of chemistry

• • HCL = hydrochloric acid
  • H2SO4 = sulfuric acid
  • HNO3 = nitric acid
• Acid --> proton donor
• Strong acids fully dissociate and produce H+ ions
• Base --> A compound that neutralises an acid to form a salt. A proton acceptor.
• Alkalis --> Bases that can dissolve in water to form aqueous hydroxide ions
• Amphoteric substances --> substances that can act as acids and bases
• Acid + carbonate --> salt + carbon dioxide + water
• Salt --> A compound that is formed when H+ of an ion is replaced by a metal ion or positive ion
• Acid + metal oxide --> salt + water
• Acid + alkali --> salt + water
• Acid + metal --> salt + hydrogen
• Hydrated crystals --> A crystalline structure containing water
• Anhydrous crystals --> Crystalline form that contains no water
• Dot formula --> indicates the amount of water present in a crystalline structure
• Method to carry out a titration:

  • Using a pipette, measure the volume of a solution
  • Add the solution into a conical flask and add an indicator into it
  • Add the other solution into a burette and record the volume
  • Slowly add the solution in the burette into the conical flask
  • Swirl the mixture continuously until the end point is reached
  • Repeat until concordant results are obtained
• Oxidation number --> The number of electrons an atom uses to bond with any other atom
• Ionic equations:

  • Identity the aqueous ions in reactants and products
  • Cancel the common ones (same on both sides)
  • What remains is the ionic equation