The body's cordinating systm. Intro'' to nrvs & endcrin sytm

• Who is the head of Anatomy at the School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing?

  Professor Scott Border
• What is the focus of the lecture overview in Biology 1A?

  Introduction to nervous and endocrine systems
• What did Santiago Ramon Cajal identify in 1889?

  Neurons/cells
• What did Charles Sherrington describe in 1893?

  The synapse
• What did Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley reveal in 1963?

  Electrochemical properties of neurons
• What is the focus of neuroscience?

  Study of the nervous system
• What are the different strands/approaches in neuroscience?

  • Cellular/molecular
  • Cognitive and Behavioural
  • Translational/clinical
  • Computational
• What does the Neuron Doctrine state about the brain?

  It is made up of individual neurons
• What are the specialized features of neurons according to the Neuron Doctrine?

  Dendrites, cell body, axon
• What are the three main parts of a neuron?

  Dendrites, cell body, axon
• What is the primary function of dendrites?

  Transmit information from sensory receptors
• What is the role of the axon in a neuron?

  Passes information to subsequent neuron
• What are the layers of the human neocortex and their functions?

  • Layer 4: Input (primarily stellate cells)
  • Layers 5 and 6: Output (primarily pyramidal cells)
  • Remaining layers: Integration of information
• How do sensory neurons respond to stimuli?

  Exhibit different action potential activity
• What is the role of sodium and potassium ion channels in neurons?

  Maintain resting potential and voltage gradient
• What does the Sodium-Potassium exchange pump cost?

  1 ATP
• What happens when inward currents exceed -40mV?

  Leads to action potential
• What are the steps leading to an action potential?

  1. Graded/local potentials occur
  2. Threshold reached, influx of Sodium
  3. Action potential reached, potassium pumped out
  4. Refractory period ensures uni-directional movement
  5. Resting potential re-established
• What is the function of Nodes of Ranvier?

  Increase speed of voltage transmission
• What disease is associated with the loss of myelin?

  Multiple sclerosis
• What is the effect of action potentials reaching the synapse?

  Stimulate chemical communication
• What type of channels stimulate the release of transmitters at the synapse?

  Voltage gated calcium channels
• What are the types of receptor signaling in post-synaptic neurons?

  • Ionotropic (fast)
  • Metabotropic (slow)
• What is the role of the hypothalamus?

  Endocrine regulation
• What functions does the diencephalon regulate?

  Endocrine, autonomic, limbic functions