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intro to organic chem
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Cards (114)
What is the focus of the playlist mentioned in the introduction?
Organic chemistry
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Why is carbon considered a versatile element in organic chemistry?
Because it can form
four bonds
with other atoms
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What are the main types of hydrocarbons discussed?
Alkanes
,
alkenes
, and
alkynes
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What distinguishes alkenes from alkynes?
Alkenes have a
double bond
, while alkynes have a
triple bond
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What is the relationship between the strength and length of carbon bonds?
Single bonds
are the longest and weakest,
double bonds
are shorter and stronger, and
triple bonds
are the shortest and strongest
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What are the types of carbon based on their connectivity?
Primary
,
secondary
,
tertiary
, and quaternary carbon
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What is the difference between a nucleophile and an electrophile?
A nucleophile
donates
electrons, while an electrophile
accepts
electrons
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Which elements should be memorized from the periodic table for organic chemistry?
Hydrogen
,
carbon
,
nitrogen
,
oxygen
,
fluorine
,
silicon
,
phosphorus
,
sulfur
,
chlorine
,
bromine
, and
iodine
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What trend does electronegativity follow in the periodic table?
Electronegativity increases as you go up and to the
right
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What is the atomic number of carbon?
6
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How are the electrons arranged in carbon?
Two electrons in the first
shell
and four in the
valence
shell
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What is sp3 hybridization?
It involves one
s orbital
and three
p orbitals
combining to form four
equivalent
sp3 hybrid orbitals
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What is the difference in solubility between organic and inorganic compounds?
Organic compounds are mostly
water
insoluble, while inorganic compounds are mostly water soluble
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How do the boiling and melting points of organic compounds compare to inorganic compounds?
Organic compounds generally have
lower
boiling and melting points than inorganic compounds
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What is the typical odor associated with organic compounds?
Many organic compounds have distinctive odors, such as
vanilla
and
cinnamon
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What is the electrical conductivity of organic versus inorganic compounds?
Organic compounds are mostly non-
ionizable
and non-
electrolytic
, while inorganic compounds are often ionizable and electrolytic
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What is the primary chemical composition of organic compounds?
Organic compounds are mainly composed of
carbon
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What types of chemical bonds are found in organic and inorganic compounds?
Organic compounds typically have
covalent bonds
, while inorganic compounds can have both covalent and
ionic bonds
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How do reaction rates differ between organic and inorganic compounds?
Reactions in organic compounds are
slower
, while reactions in inorganic compounds are
faster
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What is isomerization, and how does it differ between organic and inorganic compounds?
Isomerization is
common
in organic compounds but
rare
in inorganic compounds
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What is polymerization in the context of organic compounds?
Polymerization refers to the process of forming
polymers
from organic compounds
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What is a hydrocarbon?
A hydrocarbon is a compound made only of
hydrogen
and carbon
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What are heteroatoms in organic compounds?
Heteroatoms are atoms other than
carbon
and
hydrogen
, such as
oxygen
or
nitrogen
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What does it mean for a compound to be saturated with hydrogen?
A saturated compound has only
single bonds
between
carbon atoms
and is
fully bonded
with hydrogen
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What is the difference between aliphatic and aromatic compounds?
Aliphatic compounds do not have a
benzene
ring, while aromatic compounds do
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What is the name of the compound with five carbon atoms in a ring?
Cyclopentane
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How do you identify a compound as an alkane based on its molecular formula?
An alkane has the formula
C
n
H
2
n
+
2
C_nH_{2n+2}
C
n
H
2
n
+
2
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What is a condensed structural formula?
A condensed structural formula is a more compact representation of a
molecule's
structure
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What is the skeletal structure or bond line notation?
The skeletal structure represents
carbon atoms
as vertices and bonds as lines
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How do you determine the hybridization of a carbon atom?
By counting the
number of groups
attached to the carbon atom
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What is the significance of the IUPAC naming system in organic chemistry?
The IUPAC naming system provides a
standardized
way to name
organic compounds
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What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?
Carboxyl group
(-
COOH
)
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What is the functional group of an alcohol?
Hydroxyl group
(
-OH
)
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What are the derivatives of carboxylic acids?
Esters
, amides, and
anhydrides
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What is the functional group of a ketone?
Carbonyl group
(
C=O
)
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What is the functional group of an aldehyde?
Aldehyde group (-
CHO
)
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What is the molecular formula for butane?
C4H10
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How do you derive the relationship between n and the molecular formula for alkanes?
For alkanes, the relationship is
n
=
n =
n
=
C
2
−
1
\frac{C}{2} - 1
2
C
−
1
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What is the purpose of drawing Lewis structures?
To represent the
bonding
and lone pairs in a
molecule
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What is the difference between condensed structural formulas and skeletal structures?
Condensed structural formulas show all atoms explicitly, while skeletal structures imply
carbon
and
hydrogen atoms
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