NCMA216

• What is insulin?

  Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas
• How does insulin function in the body?

  It allows glucose to enter cells for energy
• What happens to blood sugar after eating food?

  Blood sugar rises, prompting insulin release
• What does insulin bind to in the cells?

  Insulin binds to receptors on your cells
• What is the result of insulin binding to cell receptors?

  It signals cells to take in glucose from blood
• What is insulin resistance?

  It's when cells don't respond properly to insulin
• What happens to blood sugar levels in insulin resistance?

  Blood sugar levels remain high
• How does the pancreas respond in insulin resistance?

  The pancreas produces more insulin
• What is the role of insulin in healthy individuals?

  It moves sugar from blood into cells
• What characterizes Type 2 Diabetes?

  Insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance
• What characterizes Type 1 Diabetes?

  Immune system attacks insulin-producing cells
• What is diabetes mellitus?

  A group of metabolic diseases with chronic hyperglycemia
• What are common symptoms of high blood sugar?

  Frequent urination, excessive thirst, increased hunger
• What long-term complications can arise from uncontrolled high blood sugar?

  Heart disease, kidney disease, nerve damage
• What is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?


  Non-cancerous prostate enlargement constricting urethra
• What causes benign prostatic hyperplasia?

  Aging and higher levels of DHT hormone
• What are common symptoms of BPH?

  Urinary frequency, urgency, hesitancy, weak stream
• How is BPH diagnosed?

  Digital rectal exam, PSA test, ultrasound or MRI
• What is the purpose of alpha blockers in BPH treatment?

  They relax bladder neck muscles to improve flow
• What is Cushing's Syndrome caused by?

  High secretion of cortisol from tumors or steroids
• What is Addison's Disease caused by?

  Low secretion of cortisol and aldosterone
• What condition is most consistent with the patient's symptoms and lab results?

  Cushing's disease
• What does a waist-to-hip ratio of 1.0 indicate?

  Increased risk of metabolic syndrome
• What is the significance of a Hemoglobin A1C of 7.0%?

  Indicates poor blood sugar control over time
• What is the normal range for fasting glucose levels?

  Typically below 100 mg/dL
• What is the normal range for LDL cholesterol?

  Typically below 100 mg/dL
• What is the normal range for total cholesterol?

  Typically below 200 mg/dL
• What is the normal range for HDL cholesterol?

  Typically above 60 mg/dL
• What is the normal range for triglycerides?

  Typically below 150 mg/dL
• What is the normal range for potassium?

  Typically between 3.5-5.0 mmol/L
• What is the normal range for sodium?

  Typically between 135-145 mmol/L
• What is the normal range for bicarbonate?

  Typically between 22-28 mmol/L
• What is the normal range for chloride?

  Typically between 98-106 mmol/L
• What is the normal range for BUN?

  Typically between 7-20 mg/dL
• What is the normal range for creatinine?

  Typically between 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
• What is the normal range for blood pressure?

  Typically around 120/80 mmHg
• What is the normal heart rate range?

  Typically between 60-100 beats per minute
• What is the significance of a BMI of 40?

  Indicates obesity, increasing health risks
• What does the presence of diffuse dark patches on the skin indicate?

  Possible sign of insulin resistance or Cushing's syndrome
• How do the symptoms of Cushing's disease differ from those of metabolic syndrome?

  Cushing's has high cortisol; metabolic syndrome has insulin resistance