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Personality Theories
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Georgia Young
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Cards (102)
What are some common themes in defining personality?
Individuality
and distinctiveness,
structure
and organisation,
life history
, and consistent patterns of behaviour
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What does the trait approach to personality focus on?
Relatively stable
patterns
of thought, feeling, or behaviour that characterise an individual
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What are traits in the context of personality?
Relatively stable
patterns
of thought, feeling, or behaviour
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What are states in the context of personality?
Temporary
patterns of thought, feeling, or behaviour
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What did Allport & Odbert (1936) contribute to the study of personality?
They listed
18,000
English words that could describe people
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How many words were left after removing synonyms, slang, and uncommon words from Allport & Odbert's list?
171
words
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What method did Cattell use to develop his 16 Personality Factors?
Factor analysis
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What are the three dimensions of Eysenck's Taxonomy?
Neuroticism
,
Extraversion
,
Psychoticism
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What are the five factors in the Big Five model of personality?
Neuroticism
,
Extraversion
, Conscientiousness,
Agreeableness
,
Openness to experience
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What is the NEO-PI-R?
A
self-report
inventory that assesses
Neuroticism
,
Extraversion
, and
Openness
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What type of data does informant data provide in personality measurement?
Data about a person derived from others who know the
person
well
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What did Mischel (1968) argue regarding traits?
Traits are not
consistent
across
situations
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What do scientists agree on regarding traits after the consistency controversy?
Traits predict average
behaviour
, not every behaviour in every situation
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What is interactionism in the context of personality?
Trait-relevant
behaviour may emerge in some situations, but not others
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What method compares the degree of similarity between twins in personality studies?
Twin method
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What are the two types of twins compared in personality studies?
Monozygotic
(MZ) twins and
dizygotic
(DZ) twins
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What was the typical correlation for identical twins in Loehlin & Nichols' study?
0.50
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What was the typical correlation for fraternal twins in Loehlin & Nichols' study?
0.28
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What is temperament in the context of personality?
A
biological
,
inborn
dimension of personality that appears early and remains stable
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What did Kagan's research on temperament reveal about children?
20%
are high-reactive (inhibited) and
40%
are low-reactive (uninhibited)
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Which brain region is associated with inhibited tendencies?
Amygdala
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What measurement technique did Schwartz et al. (2003) use in their study on temperament?
Brain imaging
(
fMRI
)
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What impact does family have on personality according to studies with adopted children?
Average
correlation
of
.04
between adopted children and adoptive siblings
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What are shared and nonshared environments in the context of personality?
Shared environments are
between-family
effects, while nonshared environments are
within-family
effects
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Why are children from the same family often different according to Plomin & Daniels (1987)?
Due to
nonshared
environments
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What were the personality correlation scores for identical twins reared apart?
0.50
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What were the personality correlation scores for fraternal twins reared apart?
0.21
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What conclusion can be drawn about family influence on personality from twin studies?
Family
plays little role in shaping personality
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What are the contributions of the Trait Approach to personality psychology?
Systematic description of personality
Reduces large number of individual differences to manageable size
Understanding of how person and situation shape behaviour
Agreement on
Big Five model
for data sharing
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When was Sigmund Freud born and when did he die?
Born in
1856
,
died
in
1939
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What was Sigmund Freud's profession?
Medical doctor treating
nervous disorders
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From what did Freud develop his theory?
Clinical experience
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What is Freud considered in the context of the 20th century?
An
influential figure
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What does Freud suggest may be the cause of illness?
Psychogenic factors
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What philosophical view influenced Freud's psychoanalytic thought?
Philosophy of
Thomas Hobbes
Brutish
nature of humans
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Which physicist's ideas influenced Freud's psychoanalytic thought?
Hermann von Helmholtz
Conservation of energy
Energy seeks an outlet
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What are the three parts of the mind according to Freud?
Conscious
,
preconscious
,
unconscious
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What are the main components of Freud's personality theory?
Structure
Dynamics
Development
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What principle does the Id operate on?
Pleasure principle
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What principle does the Ego operate on?
Reality principle
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