Lecture 8: Emotional Development

• What are the five components of emotions?

  Neural responses, physiological factors, subjective feelings, emotional expressions, and the desire to take action
• What does discrete emotions theory propose about emotions?

  Emotions are innate, biologically based, and distinct
• How does the functionalist perspective view emotions?

  Emotions are flexible responses to situational demands, shaped by social and cultural factors
• What are the three basic components of affective social competence?

  • Awareness
  • Identification
  • Management and regulation
• What is the significance of emotional behavior present from birth?

  It indicates the earliest distinction between positive and negative affect
• What did Ganchrow, Steiner & Daher (1983) find about newborns' responses to taste?

  Newborns produced distinct facial expressions reflecting taste preference
• How did younger and older infants differ in emotional expressions during inoculations according to Izard et al. (1983)?

  Younger infants showed generalized distress, while older infants displayed distinctly angry expressions
• What are the primary emotions present within the first 6 months of life?

  • Joy/happiness/contentment
  • Sadness
  • Anger
  • Disgust
  • Fear
• How do infants express happiness from 1 to 3-4 weeks of age?

  Smiles are a physiological reaction
• By the end of the third year, what range of emotions do children typically show?

  Children show a full range of human emotions
• What is the purpose of objective coding systems in identifying infants' emotional expressions?

  To analyze combinations of facial cues to identify emotions
• What does the AFFEX facial coding system link?

  Particular facial expressions and facial muscle movements
• What change occurs in infants' smiles by 7-8 months?

  Smiles are primarily directed towards people they know
• What is the early form of fear that appears around 6-7 months?

  Fear of strangers
• When does separation anxiety typically emerge?

  Around 8 months of age
• How does the expression of anger in infants change by 12 months?

  Infants clearly express anger
• What is the adaptive function of emotions in infants?

  Infants are less likely to express anger when alone
• What are the characteristics of primary emotions?

  • Present within the first 6 months
  • Universal and biologically based
  • Include joy, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust
• What are secondary emotions and when do they typically develop?

  Self-conscious emotions that develop between 18 months and 2 years
• What is the model of emotional development proposed by Lewis et al. (1989)?

  • Emotions emerge over the first 3 years
  • Primary emotions emerge first with less cognitive support
  • Secondary emotions emerge later requiring more cognitive support
• Why do self-conscious emotions emerge later in development according to Lewis et al.?

  They require self-awareness and a sense of self
• What are examples of self-conscious emotions?

  • Embarrassment
  • Empathy
  • Jealousy
  • Shame
  • Guilt
  • Pride
• What evidence suggests self-conscious emotions may develop earlier than previously thought?

  Coy smiles in early infancy observed in social interactions
• What did Reddy (2000) find about coy smiles in infants?

  Coy smiles were identified by the co-occurrence of smiling with gaze or head aversion
• What is the self-conscious evaluative emotion associated with the evaluation of one's own actions in context of standards, rules, and goals?

  Guilt
• What does shame represent in terms of self-conscious emotions?

  It is tied to a global evaluation of self.
• What is the consequence of a successful evaluation of a specific action?

  Pride
• What are the primary emotions identified in infants from 0 to 6 months?

  • Surprise
  • Interest
  • Joy
  • Anger
  • Sadness
  • Fear
  • Disgust
• At what age do children begin to show self-evaluative emotions such as pride, shame, and guilt?

  By 2.5 years.
• What evidence suggests that self-conscious emotions may develop earlier than previously thought?

  Coy smiles in early infancy indicate early self-conscious emotions.
• What was the method used in Reddy's (2000) study on coy smiles in infants?

  Videotaped infants weekly for 30 minutes during natural interactions.
• What did the study by Sorce et al. (1985) demonstrate about infants' ability to interpret emotional expressions?

  Infants adjust their behavior based on caregivers' emotional expressions.
• At what age do children begin to label emotions?

  Around 2 years of age.
• What was the outcome of the Visual Cliff Experiment regarding infants' behavior based on their mothers' expressions?

  Infants were more likely to cross the cliff if mothers looked happy.
• Which emotions can children label by approximately 3 years of age?

  Happiness, anger, fear, and sadness.
• How does the ability to label emotions relate to children's behavior?

  It helps children respond appropriately to their own and others' emotions.
• What are display rules in the context of emotional expression?

  • Social rules guiding appropriate emotional displays
  • Influence when, where, and how much emotion is expressed
  • Vary significantly across cultures
• How do cultural differences affect emotional expression according to Matsumoto et al. (2008)?

  Different cultures have varying display rules for expressing emotions.
• What is the impact of emotional suppression on US college students according to Soto et al. (2011)?

  It was linked to negative outcomes like depressed mood.
• What are the two main strategies children use to display emotions that do not match their felt emotions?

  • Simulating an emotion
  • Masking an emotion