SECOND MESSENGER MODEL

• WHAT ARE HORMONES?

  • produced in glands
  • carried in blood plasma to target cells
  • bind to complementary receptors
  • effective in low concentrations, widespread + long-lasting effects
• WHAT ARE THE TWO MESSENGERS IN THE SECOND MESSENGER MODEL?

  1. Hormone
  2. Small molecule
• SECOND MESSENGER MODEL USING ADRENALINE?

  1. Adrenaline binds to transmembrane protein receptor within cell-surface membrane of a liver cell
  2. Protein changes shape on inside of membrane
  3. Activation of adenyl cyclase enzyme
  4. Converts ATP to cAMP
  5. Binds to protein kinase enzyme
  6. Protein kinase changes shape and activates
  7. Catalyses conversion of glycogen to glucose
  8. Moves out of liver cells by facilitated diffusion, into blood through channel proteins