6

• What is the focus of organic chemistry?

  Organic chemistry focuses on organic compounds that contain carbon atoms.
• How many bonds does carbon typically form?

  Carbon typically forms four bonds.
• How many bonds does hydrogen like to form?

  Hydrogen likes to form one bond.
• How many bonds does beryllium like to form?

  Beryllium likes to form two bonds.
• How many bonds does boron like to form?

  Boron likes to form three bonds.
• How many bonds does nitrogen like to form?

  Nitrogen likes to form three bonds.
• How many bonds does oxygen like to form?

  Oxygen likes to form two bonds.
• How many bonds do halogens like to form?

  Halogens like to form one bond.
• Why is it important to know how many bonds elements like to form in organic chemistry?

  It helps us to draw Lewis structures accurately.
• How would you draw the Lewis structure of water (H₂O)?

  Start with oxygen forming two bonds and add two lone pairs.
• What is the bond between hydrogen and oxygen in water called?

  It is called a hydrogen bond.
• Why does water have a high boiling point?

  Because of hydrogen bonding between water molecules.
• How would you draw the Lewis structure for methyl fluoride (CH<sub>3</sub)F?

  Place carbon in the center with four bonds: three to hydrogen and one to fluorine.
• What type of bond is the carbon-fluorine bond in methyl fluoride?

  It is a polar covalent bond.
• What is the electronegativity value of carbon?

  The electronegativity value of carbon is 2.5.
• What is the electronegativity value of fluorine?

  The electronegativity value of fluorine is 4.0.
• What does it mean for a bond to be polar?

  A polar bond has charge separation with one side being positive and the other negative.
• Why is the carbon-hydrogen bond considered nonpolar?

  Because the electronegativity difference is less than 0.5.
• Is methane (CH₄) a polar or nonpolar molecule?

  Methane is a nonpolar molecule.
• What are the two types of covalent bonds discussed?

  Polar covalent bonds and nonpolar covalent bonds.
• What is the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond?

  In a covalent bond, electrons are shared; in an ionic bond, electrons are transferred.
• What happens to sodium when it reacts with chlorine?

  Sodium gives one electron to chlorine, forming a cation and an anion.
• What are positively charged ions called?

  Positively charged ions are called cations.
• What are negatively charged ions called?

  Negatively charged ions are called anions.
• What keeps the ions in an ionic crystal together?

  The electrostatic force of attraction between opposite charges.
• What are alkanes?

  Alkanes are saturated organic compounds filled with hydrogen atoms.
• What are the first four alkanes and their formulas?

  • Methane: CH₄
  • Ethane: C₂H₆
  • Propane: C₃H₈
  • Butane: C₄H₁₀
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  The general formula for alkanes is C_nH_2n+2.
• How would you draw the Lewis structure for ethane (C₂H₆)?

  Write CH₃CH₃ showing three hydrogen atoms on each carbon.
• How would you draw the Lewis structure for ethene (C₂H₄)?

  Each carbon has two hydrogen atoms and a double bond between them.
• How would you draw the Lewis structure for ethyne (C₂H₂)?

  Each carbon has one hydrogen atom and a triple bond between them.
• What are alkenes and how do they differ from alkanes?

  Alkenes contain at least one double bond, while alkanes do not.
• What are alkynes and how do they differ from alkenes?

  Alkynes contain at least one triple bond, while alkenes contain at least one double bond.
• Which carbon-carbon bond is the longest: single, double, or triple?

  The carbon-carbon single bond is the longest.
• What is the bond length of a carbon-carbon single bond?

  The bond length is 154 picometers.
• What is the bond length of a carbon-carbon double bond?

  The bond length is 133 picometers.
• What is the bond length of a carbon-carbon triple bond?

  The bond length is 120 picometers.
• Which bond is the strongest: single, double, or triple?

  The triple bond is the strongest.
• What type of bond does a single bond contain?

  A single bond contains one sigma bond.
• What type of bonds do double and triple bonds contain?

  A double bond contains one sigma and one pi bond; a triple bond contains one sigma and two pi bonds.