Approaches

• What is the significance of Wilhelm Wundt in psychology?

  He is considered the father of experimental psychology
• Where did Wundt set up the world's first psychological laboratory?

  Leipzig, Germany
• What was the main focus of Wundt's research?

  To use controlled empirical scientific research techniques to study the mind
• What experimental technique did Wundt use in his structuralism research?

  Introspection
• What were participants trained to do in Wundt's introspection method?

  To report conscious experiences objectively
• How did Wundt's work influence subsequent scientific psychologists?

  His systematic approach inspired later scientific methods in psychology
• What is a criticism of Wundt's introspective methods compared to modern techniques?

  They are considered subjective and not truly scientific
• What did behaviorists reject in their study of psychology?

  The study of internal mental states
• What is classical conditioning according to Pavlov?

  Learning by association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
• What was the neutral stimulus (NS) in Pavlov's experiment?

  A bell
• What did Pavlov's findings demonstrate about the dogs?

  They learned an association between the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
• What is operant conditioning according to Skinner?

  Learning by reinforcement of voluntary responses
• What did Skinner's research with rats demonstrate?

  Positive and negative reinforcement influence behavior
• What is a criticism of Pavlov and Skinner's use of animal subjects?

  Their findings may not be generalizable to human behavior
• What is vicarious reinforcement in social learning theory?

  Learning by observing someone being rewarded for a behavior
• Who conducted the Bobo doll study?

  Bandura
• What was the main finding of the Bobo doll study?

  Children exposed to an aggressive model were more likely to be aggressive themselves
• How does social learning theory differ from behaviorism?

  It includes cognitive processes that occur between stimuli and responses
• What is the role of schemas in cognitive psychology?

  They act as mental shortcuts to understand and navigate the world
• What is the computer model in cognitive psychology?


  An analogy between the operation of a computer and the human brain
• What does cognitive neuroscience aim to study?

  The neurological structures and processes linked to internal mental processes
• What is the role of neurotransmitters in behavior?

  They enable communication between neurons
• How do genes influence behavior?

  They determine how the brain and neurons are formed and function
• What is a criticism of the biological approach to psychology?

  It may overlook environmental factors influencing behavior
• What is the tripartite structure of personality according to Freud?

  It consists of the ID, ego, and super ego
• What are defense mechanisms in Freud's theory?

  Strategies used by the ego to manage conflicts
• What happens if a child cannot resolve a psychosexual stage according to Freud?

  They become fixated, affecting their adult personality
• What is a criticism of Freud's theories?

  Many lack scientific credibility and are untestable
• What is the focus of humanistic psychology?

  Personal growth and self-actualization
• What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

  A theory that outlines the stages of human needs from basic to self-actualization
• What is congruence in humanistic psychology?

  The alignment between perceived self and ideal self
• What is a criticism of humanistic psychology?

  It lacks empirical evidence and relies on qualitative methods
• How has Maslow's hierarchy of needs been applied in the real world?

  It has improved performance in sports and employee satisfaction
• What is the main criticism of humanistic psychology regarding cultural bias?

  It emphasizes individualism, which contrasts with collectivist cultures
• What is the significance of the psychodynamic approach in modern psychology?

  It has influenced many psychological theories and practices
• How does the psychodynamic approach explain the influence of early childhood experiences?

  They shape adult personality and behavior
• What is the role of the therapist in client-centered therapy?

  To assist clients in achieving congruence through unconditional positive regard
• What is the main goal of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?

  To help clients change negative thought patterns
• What is the significance of the biological approach in psychology?

  It emphasizes the influence of biological structures and processes on behavior
• How does the biological approach explain the influence of neurotransmitters on behavior?

  They play roles in communication between neurons and influence various behaviors