Ducks

• What are amines produced from?

  Amines are produced when one or more hydrogen atoms in ammonia are replaced with an organic group.
• How are amines classified?

  Amines can be classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) depending on how many hydrogen atoms are replaced.

  
• What are the two main methods for producing amines?


  1. Nucleophilic Substitution

  • Reaction of halogenoalkane with ammonia

  1. Reduction of Nitriles

  • Hydrogenation of nitriles using LiAlH₄ or hydrogen with Nickel
• What is produced when one mole of halogenoalkane reacts with two moles of ammonia?

  A primary amine and an ammonium salt are produced.

  
• What happens during the nucleophilic substitution reaction of amines?

  The substitution can continue until all hydrogen atoms are replaced with organic groups, leading to a quaternary ammonium salt.

  
• Why does the reaction of amines with halogenoalkanes have low efficiency?

  Because a mixture of products is produced due to multiple possible substitutions.
• How can you achieve only the primary amine in the reaction with halogenoalkanes?

  By adding ammonia in excess.
• What is one method to separate the mixture of products from the amine reaction?

  Fractional distillation can be used to separate the mixture of products.
• What reducing agent is required to reduce nitriles to produce amines?

  LiAlH₄ is required as a reducing agent.

  
• What conditions are necessary for the hydrogenation of nitriles?

  Acidic conditions or a combination of hydrogen and Nickel are necessary.
• How can aromatic amines be produced?

  Aromatic amines can be produced from the reduction of nitrobenzene using concentrated hydrochloric acid and a Tin catalyst.

  
• What are cationic surfactants and their properties?

  • Complexes with a positive and negative end
  • Good conditioners
  • Prevent static from building up on surfaces
  • Useful in industry
• Why are amines considered weak bases?

  Amines are weak bases because the lone electron pair on the nitrogen atom can accept protons.
• How does the availability of the lone electron pair affect the base strength of amines?

  The more available the electrons, the more likely it is to accept a proton, making it a stronger base.

  
• What is the inductive effect in organic molecules?

  The inductive effect refers to how different functional groups can affect the availability of a lone electron pair by changing electron density around the bond.
• How do benzene rings affect the nitrogen in amines?

  Benzene rings draw electron density away from the nitrogen, making it less available.

  
• How do alkyl groups affect the nitrogen in amines?

  Alkyl groups push electron density towards the nitrogen, making it more available.

  
• Which type of amines are stronger bases: aliphatic or aromatic?

  Aliphatic amines are stronger bases than aromatic amines.
• How do amines act as nucleophiles?

  Amines act as nucleophiles because the lone electron pair is attracted to ∂+ regions on other molecules.
• What can amines substitute in halogenoalkanes?

  Amines can substitute halides on halogenoalkanes to form primary, secondary, or tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium salts.

  
• What are the two types of nucleophilic reactions that amines can undergo?

  1. Nucleophilic Substitution

  • Substituting halides on halogenoalkanes

  1. Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination

  • Reacting with acyl chlorides or acid anhydrides to produce amides

  
• What do amines produce when they react with acyl chlorides?

  Amines produce amides and N-substituted amides when they react with acyl chlorides.
• How are N-substituted amides named?

  1. substituted amides are treated in a similar way to esters when naming.