sir jethy

• Volcanoes is opening on the Earth’s crusy
• classification of volcanoes

  • active volcanoes
  • potentially active volcanoes
  • inactive volcanoes
• lahar - indonesian term for misxture of water, pyroclastic materials and rock fragments flowing down a volcano or river valley.
• ash fall - composed of bits and pieces of pulverized rocks, minerals, and volcanic glass generated from the volcanic eruption.
• pyroclastic flow - refers to the fast-moving fluidized mass of rock fragments and gases.
• ballistic projectile - rock fragments that ejected from a volcano during its explosive eruption
• types of ballistic projectiles

  • bomb
  • blocks
• volcanic gas - consists of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, which are poisonous and hazardous to organisms.
• lava flow - molten rock that pours down from the slope of the volcano
• Sign of an Impending Volcanic Eruption

  • Occurrence of tremors or increase in the frequency of small earthquake.
  • Deformation of the ground manifested by changes in the ground elevation.
  • Increase in the amount of volcanic a gases.
  • Glow of volcanic crater
  • Increase in steam emission coming from volcanic opening
  • Thermal changes within the surroundings of the volcano
  • Change in the color of the nearby vegetation and lakes
  • Landslide and rock fall not due to heavy rains
  • Drying up of springs and freshwaters
• precautionary and safety measures BEFORE volcanic eruptions

  • Stay updated with the local news
  • Learn about your community warning system and emergency plan
  • Prepare an emergency supply kit
  • Pack all important and essential items
  • Secure livestock in enclosed shelters
  • Listen to public safetyannouncements of local authorities
• precautionary and safety measures during DURING of volcanic eruption

  • Follow evacuation orders issued by local authorities
  • Make sure all windows, doors, and other vents arekept closed
  • Wear long- sleeved shirts and long pants
  • Use goggles to protect your eyes
  • Use dust mask or hold a damp cloth overyour face
  • Avoid low- lying regions and river areas near a volcano
  • Listen to battery- operated radio for the latest emergency information
• precautionary and safety measures AFTER volcanic eruption

  • Wait for the announcement from local authorities
  • Inspect your house carefully for any damage
  • If you has a respiratory ailment, stay away from volcanic ash fall areas
  • Wear dust mask, gloves, and goggles while cleaning the debris
  • Check electrical wirings, appliances, and gas tanks before using them
  • Boil water before drinking it
  • Stay informed and listen for emergency updates
• landslide - also called as ‘landslip’

  • ground movement on a sloping terrain
  • hazard of landslides can be induced further or aggravated by the rain
• creep - slow or gradual movement of the soil
• slump- downslope flow of soft and unconsolidated materials
• rock and debris slide - slow to rapid downslope movement of unconsolidated soil and rock debris
• rockfall - free falling movement of massive rocks from a cleef or steep slopes
• debris flow - rapid flow of debris and other rock materials.
• mudflow - characterized by a flowing mass of mud along the flank of a volcano
• characteristics of having a high risk to landslide

  • steep slope
  • dense population
  • denuded ground
• sinkholes are depressions or holes in the ground that resulted from the collapse of the surface layer of the soil.
• Sinkholes occur in areas where the soil foundation is made of soft minerals and rocks such as silicate materials, salt beds, or any acidic rocks.
• sinkhole can be triggered by

  • earthquake
  • volcanic activities
  • human development like construction or industrial activities
• signs of impending landslides and sinkholes

  1.  spring, water seepage, or water saturated grounds that are not typically wet.
  2. Soil that loosens and move away from foundations
  3. New Cracks or unusual budges on cemented ground or walls
  4. Underground utility lines that are broken due to vibrations ortremors.
  5. Buildings, poles, walls and fences that are leaning.
  6. Sudden rapid flow of creek waters carrying more silted water
  7. Signs of an imminent danger in groundwater.
  8. Ponds that are certainly formed
• tools for landslipe

  abney level - useful for simple slope profiles, horizon diagrams, and height measurements
• tool for landslide - laser rangefinder
• tool for sinkhole - ground penetrating radar (gpr)
• precautionary and safety measures in sinkhole

  If sinkholes are not detected earlier

  • Find refuge in a stable ground or open area.
  • Wait until the structures on and around the sinkhole stops moving
  • Wait for the local government's announcement

  AFTER a Sinkhole

  • Stay away from the sinkhole
  • Monitor the damages on objects
  • Do not throw anything into the sinkhole
  • Secure whatever is left to your properties
•  If your Areas is Prone to Landslide

  • Plant more trees, grasses, and other vegetation.
  • Build channels for diversion of mudflow or debris flow
  • Do not build your house on or near a steep slope, mountain edges, drainages, or natural erosion valleys.
• precautionary and safety measures in landslides.

  BEFORE a Landslide

  • Be familiar with your surroundings.
  • Avoid open storm- water drainage and runoff.
  • Be update on the news regarding the condition of your area.
  • Learn and participate in emergency responses and evacuation plans of your community.
• DURING a Landslide

  • Be attentive
  • stay away from the path of debris.
  • Stay on elevated and sturdy area.
  • Curl into a tight ball and protect your head
• AFTER a Landslide

  • Avoid the slide areas.
  • Listen for the latest emergency information.
  • Watch out for flooding.
  • Check for injured or trapped people near a slide.
• hydrometeorological hazards - a branch of meteorology and hydrology that studies the transfer of water and energy between the land surface and the lower atmosphere
• typoons - 'bagyo'

  • intense circulating winds with heavy rain over tropical water and lands
• typhoons are tropical cyclones whose winds have reached more than 118 kph
• ■Tropical Depression (TD): up to 61 kph

  ■Tropical Storm (TS): 62 to 88 kph

  ■Severe Tropical Storm (STS): 89 to 117 kph

  ■Typhoon (TY): 118 to 220 kph

  Super Typhoon (STY): exceeding 220 kph
• PAGASA - monitors the behavior of cyclones as they approach Philippine territory
• thunderstorm - known as ‘electrical storm’

  • heavy rains with the presence of thunder and lightning
• • Heavy rainfall that can lead to flooding
  • Lightning that can electrocute humans and livestock and damage electrical facilities
  • Air Turbulence which can displace or disorient a flying aircraft
  • Fire that can burn building and vegetation