infection and response

• What are the types of pathogens mentioned?

  Bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi
• How do bacteria reproduce inside the body?

  They reproduce rapidly
• What is the size comparison of viruses to bacteria?

  Viruses are 1/1000 the size of bacteria
• What can viruses do inside the body?

  They can invade and replicate inside cells
• What type of organism are protists?

  Single-celled eukaryotes
• What are the shapes of fungi?

  Fungi come in different shapes
• Name three viral diseases mentioned.

  Measles, HIV, Tobacco Mosaic Virus
• What is a fungal disease mentioned?

  Rose Black Spot
• How can pathogens be spread?

  Water, air, direct contact
• Why are bacteria and viruses significant to health?

  They can modify quickly and cause illness
• What disease is caused by a protist?

  Malaria
• What role do mosquitoes play in malaria transmission?

  They are vectors for the malarial parasite
• What symptoms can malaria cause?

  Anaemia, fevers, fits, can be fatal
• How can people protect themselves from malaria?

  Using insecticides and mosquito nets
• What does Salmonella cause?

  Food poisoning
• What symptoms are associated with Salmonella infection?

  Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea
• How can Salmonella poisoning occur?

  By eating contaminated food
• What type of disease is Gonorrhea?

  Sexually transmitted disease (STD)
• What are the symptoms of Gonorrhea?

  Pain during urination, discharge
• Why has penicillin become less effective against Gonorrhea?

  Bacteria have become resistant to it
• How can Gonorrhea be treated?

  With antibiotics
• What are the methods to prevent the spread of diseases?

  1. Being hygienic
  2. Destroying vectors
  3. Isolating infected individuals
  4. Vaccination
• How does hygiene help prevent disease spread?

  It reduces the transmission of pathogens
• What is the role of vectors in disease transmission?

  They spread diseases from one host to another
• What is the purpose of vaccination?

  To develop immunity against diseases
• How can isolating infected individuals help prevent disease spread?

  It stops them from passing it on
• What is the immune system's role in fighting pathogens?

  It attacks and eliminates pathogens
• What are the three ways the immune system fights pathogens?

  Consuming them, producing antibodies, producing antitoxins
• What is antibiotic resistance?

  Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics
• What is the first stage in drug testing?

  Preclinical testing on bacteria and cells
• Why are animal models used in drug testing?

  To test effects on whole organ systems
• What happens during clinical trials?

  Drugs are tested on healthy and sick volunteers
• What is the purpose of a placebo in drug trials?

  To compare effects with the actual drug
• What does double-blind mean in clinical trials?

  Neither patient nor doctor knows treatment
• What is the role of peer review in drug testing?

  To prevent false claims about drugs
• What are monoclonal antibodies?

  Identical antibodies from a single white blood cell
• How are hybridoma cells created?

  By fusing a B lymphocyte with a tumour cell
• What is a use of monoclonal antibodies?

  To target specific cells or chemicals
• What do plants need from the soil?

  Mineral ions
• What deficiency causes stunted growth in plants?

  Lack of nitrates