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A Level Physics
Paper 2
Thermal Physics
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Cards (115)
What is the formula to calculate the energy required to change the temperature of a substance?
Δ
E
=
\Delta E =
Δ
E
=
m
c
Δ
θ
mc\Delta \theta
m
c
Δ
θ
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What does the specific heat capacity (c) of a substance represent?
Energy required to raise 1 kg by 1 K
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What is the formula to calculate the energy required to change the state of a substance?
Δ
E
=
\Delta E =
Δ
E
=
L
Δ
m
L\Delta m
L
Δ
m
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What is the specific latent heat (L) of a substance?
Energy required to change state of 1
kg
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What are the two types of specific latent heat?
Fusion
and
vaporisation
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How do you calculate the time taken for water to reach a certain temperature using power?
Use the
formula
:
t
=
t =
t
=
Q
P
\frac{Q}{P}
P
Q
Where
Q
Q
Q
is energy required
and
P
P
P
is power
.
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How much energy is required to heat 0.5 kg of water from 22°C to 100°C?
163800
J
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If a kettle has a power of 1200 W, how long will it take to heat the water?
136.5
seconds
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What is the final temperature of water after an ice cube melts in it?
14.3 °C
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What is the internal energy of a body composed of?
Sum of all
kinetic
and
potential
energies
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How does changing the state of a substance affect its internal energy?
It changes due to
potential energy
changes
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What is absolute zero in Celsius?
-273
°C
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What happens to particles at absolute zero?
They have no
kinetic energy
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What is the formula to convert Celsius to Kelvin?
K
=
K =
K
=
C
+
C +
C
+
273
273
273
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How is average kinetic energy related to absolute temperature?
Directly proportional to
temperature in Kelvin
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What is the equation for average molecule kinetic energy?
Average kinetic energy
=
\text{Average kinetic energy} =
Average kinetic energy
=
3
2
k
T
\frac{3}{2}kT
2
3
k
T
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What does the kinetic theory model assume about gas molecules?
No
intermolecular forces
act on the molecules
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What are the assumptions of the kinetic theory model?
No
intermolecular forces
Collisions are negligible in duration
Molecules move randomly and collide elastically
Follows
Newton's laws of motion
Molecules move in straight lines between collisions
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What is the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature in an ideal gas?
Pressure
is
proportional
to
temperature
and
volume
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What is the equation for the pressure of an ideal gas?
p
=
p =
p
=
N
k
T
V
\frac{NkT}{V}
V
N
k
T
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How is the average kinetic energy of a molecule derived?
From the
kinetic theory model
and
ideal gas equation
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What is a black body radiator?
A perfect
emitter
and
absorber
of radiation
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What does the Stefan-Boltzmann law state?
Power output
is proportional to surface area
Power output is proportional to
absolute temperature
raised to the
fourth power
Formula
:
L
=
L =
L
=
σ
A
T
4
\sigma A T^4
σ
A
T
4
View source
What is the Stefan constant?
5.67
×
1
0
−
8
W m
−
2
K
−
4
5.67 \times 10^{-8} \text{ W m}^{-2} \text{K}^{-4}
5.67
×
1
0
−
8
W m
−
2
K
−
4
View source
What does Wien's displacement law state?
Peak wavelength
is inversely proportional to
temperature
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What is the formula for Wien's law?
λ
m
a
x
=
\lambda_{max} =
λ
ma
x
=
2
×
1
0
−
3
T
\frac{2 \times 10^{-3}}{T}
T
2
×
1
0
−
3
View source
How does temperature affect the peak wavelength of a black body?
Peak wavelength
decreases
as temperature
increases
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How can Wien's law be used in practical applications?
Estimate temperature of
black-body
sources
Analyze
radiation curves
for different temperatures
Understand energy emission characteristics of objects
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What is the energy transfer method driven by temperature difference?
Heating
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How does conduction occur in solids?
Through
lattice-vibration
and
electron diffusion
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What causes convection in fluids?
Rise of
less-dense
(hotter) material
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What is the method of energy transfer via photons?
Radiation
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What is the relationship between thermal energy change and temperature difference?
Rate of change of thermal energy is
proportional
to temperature difference
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What does internal energy consist of?
Sum of
kinetic
and
potential energy
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What happens to internal energy during a change of state?
It
changes
View source
How is Kelvin temperature calculated from Celsius?
K =
Celsius
+
273
View source
What is Absolute Zero in Celsius?
-273°C
View source
What does specific heat capacity measure?
Energy required to raise temperature of
1 kg
by
1 K
View source
What is the formula for calculating change in energy using specific heat capacity?
ΔE
= mcΔθ
View source
What is specific latent heat of fusion?
Energy to change
1 kg
solid to liquid
View source
See all 115 cards
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