Thermal Physics

    Cards (115)

    • What is the formula to calculate the energy required to change the temperature of a substance?
      ΔE=\Delta E =mcΔθ mc\Delta \theta
    • What does the specific heat capacity (c) of a substance represent?
      Energy required to raise 1 kg by 1 K
    • What is the formula to calculate the energy required to change the state of a substance?
      ΔE=\Delta E =LΔm L\Delta m
    • What is the specific latent heat (L) of a substance?
      Energy required to change state of 1 kg
    • What are the two types of specific latent heat?
      Fusion and vaporisation
    • How do you calculate the time taken for water to reach a certain temperature using power?
      • Use the formula: t=t =QP \frac{Q}{P}
      • Where QQ is energy required and PP is power.
    • How much energy is required to heat 0.5 kg of water from 22°C to 100°C?
      163800 J
    • If a kettle has a power of 1200 W, how long will it take to heat the water?
      136.5 seconds
    • What is the final temperature of water after an ice cube melts in it?
      14.3 °C
    • What is the internal energy of a body composed of?
      Sum of all kinetic and potential energies
    • How does changing the state of a substance affect its internal energy?
      It changes due to potential energy changes
    • What is absolute zero in Celsius?
      -273 °C
    • What happens to particles at absolute zero?
      They have no kinetic energy
    • What is the formula to convert Celsius to Kelvin?
      K=K =C+ C +273 273
    • How is average kinetic energy related to absolute temperature?
      Directly proportional to temperature in Kelvin
    • What is the equation for average molecule kinetic energy?
      Average kinetic energy=\text{Average kinetic energy} =32kT \frac{3}{2}kT
    • What does the kinetic theory model assume about gas molecules?
      No intermolecular forces act on the molecules
    • What are the assumptions of the kinetic theory model?
      • No intermolecular forces
      • Collisions are negligible in duration
      • Molecules move randomly and collide elastically
      • Follows Newton's laws of motion
      • Molecules move in straight lines between collisions
    • What is the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature in an ideal gas?
      Pressure is proportional to temperature and volume
    • What is the equation for the pressure of an ideal gas?
      p=p =NkTV \frac{NkT}{V}
    • How is the average kinetic energy of a molecule derived?
      From the kinetic theory model and ideal gas equation
    • What is a black body radiator?
      A perfect emitter and absorber of radiation
    • What does the Stefan-Boltzmann law state?
      • Power output is proportional to surface area
      • Power output is proportional to absolute temperature raised to the fourth power
      • Formula: L=L =σAT4 \sigma A T^4
    • What is the Stefan constant?
      5.67×108 W m2K45.67 \times 10^{-8} \text{ W m}^{-2} \text{K}^{-4}
    • What does Wien's displacement law state?
      Peak wavelength is inversely proportional to temperature
    • What is the formula for Wien's law?
      λmax=\lambda_{max} =2×103T \frac{2 \times 10^{-3}}{T}
    • How does temperature affect the peak wavelength of a black body?
      Peak wavelength decreases as temperature increases
    • How can Wien's law be used in practical applications?
      • Estimate temperature of black-body sources
      • Analyze radiation curves for different temperatures
      • Understand energy emission characteristics of objects
    • What is the energy transfer method driven by temperature difference?
      Heating
    • How does conduction occur in solids?
      Through lattice-vibration and electron diffusion
    • What causes convection in fluids?
      Rise of less-dense (hotter) material
    • What is the method of energy transfer via photons?
      Radiation
    • What is the relationship between thermal energy change and temperature difference?
      Rate of change of thermal energy is proportional to temperature difference
    • What does internal energy consist of?
      Sum of kinetic and potential energy
    • What happens to internal energy during a change of state?
      It changes
    • How is Kelvin temperature calculated from Celsius?
      K = Celsius + 273
    • What is Absolute Zero in Celsius?
      -273°C
    • What does specific heat capacity measure?
      Energy required to raise temperature of 1 kg by 1 K
    • What is the formula for calculating change in energy using specific heat capacity?
      ΔE = mcΔθ
    • What is specific latent heat of fusion?
      Energy to change 1 kg solid to liquid
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