Chapter 6

• What are the differences between animal and plant cytokinesis?

  • Animal cells form a cleavage furrow.
  • Plant cells do not form a cleavage furrow due to their cell wall.
  • Plant cells use vesicles for cytokinesis, while animal cells do not.
• What is a bivalent in genetics?

  A pair of homologous chromosomes during crossing over
• What is the definition of a cell?

  The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism
• What is a centromere?

  Region at which two chromatids are held together
• What are chiasmata?

  Points at which chromatids break and rejoin
• What are chromatids?

  One of two halves of a replicated chromosome
• What is a chromosome?

  Structure of condensed and coiled DNA in the form of chromatin
• When do chromosomes become visible under a light microscope?

  When preparing to divide
• What is crossing over?

  Exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes
• What is the result of crossing over?

  A mixture of parental characteristics in offspring
• What does it mean for a cell to be differentiated?

  Specialized to carry out very specific functions
• What is a diploid cell?

  Containing homologous chromosome pairs from each parent
• What are embryonic stem cells also known as?

  Pluripotent stem cells
• What is a gamete?

  Haploid sex cell produced by meiosis in organisms that reproduce sexually
• What is the significance of gametes in sexual reproduction?

  They combine to form a diploid organism
• What does haploid mean?

  Containing one chromosome from each homologous pair
• How are homologous chromosomes defined?

  Matching pair of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent
• What are homologous pairs?

  Matching pair of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent
• What is meiosis?

  Nuclear division for the purpose of gamete production
• How many times does the nucleus divide during meiosis?

  Twice
• What is the result of meiosis from one diploid cell?

  Four haploid cells
• What is mitosis?

  Nuclear division stage in the mitotic phase of the cell cycle
• What does multipotent refer to?

  Stem cells capable of dividing to produce several cell types
• What is an example of multipotent stem cells?

  Adult stem cells
• What is an organ system?

  A collection of organs working together to perform a function
• What are the key differences between meiosis and mitosis?

  • Meiosis produces gametes, while mitosis produces somatic cells.
  • Meiosis involves two rounds of division, while mitosis involves one.
  • Meiosis results in four haploid cells, while mitosis results in two diploid cells.