Ethnicity & Subcultures

• What are subcultures in the context of education?

  Groups with distinct norms and values
• What types of subcultures have been previously discussed?

  Gendered and social class subcultures
• How are ethnic subcultures characterized in schools?

  They are gendered and based on class
• What did Shane find about Asian girls in her research?

  They reacted positively and negatively to school pressures
• Who examined the subcultures of Asian girls?

  Shane
• What are the four distinct groups of Asian girls identified by Shane?

  Gang girls, survivors, rebels, faith girls
• What did the gang girls do in response to racist abuse?

  Reaffirmed their Asian identities
• How did Archer's research on Muslim boys differ from Shane's findings?

  It focused on identity shaped by religion
• What identity did Pakistani and Bangladeshi boys prefer?

  Identifying as Muslim over British
• What characteristics did the boys display according to Archer's research?

  Hyper-masculine characteristics
• What did the boys express frustration about?

  Lack of opportunities to be breadwinners
• How did Seewell categorize black boys in education?

  Into four distinct groups
• What is the largest group identified by Seewell?

  The conformists
• What did the innovators believe about education?

  It was important but discriminatory
• What did the retreatists do in Seewell's research?

  Self-marginalized and disengaged