Linguistic Differences

• What external factor is suggested to affect achievement between social groups?

  Linguistic differences
• How do sociologists view linguistic ability's impact on education?

  It significantly affects educational achievement
• When did research into linguistic differences begin?

  In the 1960s
• Who outperformed whom in education according to previous studies?

  Middle class students outperformed lower class students
• What do cultural deprivation theorists argue?

  Different language codes affect educational success
• How many non-native speakers were estimated in UK schools in 2013?

  Over 1 million
• What event contributed to the rise of non-native speakers in the UK?

  The expansion of the European Union in 2005
• Who conducted a seminal study on language differences?

  Bernstein
• What are the two distinct codes of language identified by Bernstein?

  The elaborated code and the restricted code
• What characterizes the elaborated code?

  It has universal meaning and is grammatically complex
• How is the restricted code described?

  It has particularistic meanings and is context-bound
• How do middle and working class students differ in their use of language codes?

  Working class students use restricted code almost exclusively
• Why is the elaborated code important in education?

  It demonstrates universal understanding in formal settings
• How do teachers communicate with students according to Bernstein?

  They model the elaborated code in their communication
• What is often written in elaborated code?

  The curriculum, textbooks, and resources
• What advantage do middle class students have in education?

  They are more proficient in the elaborated code
• What criticism is made about Bernstein's research in contemporary society?

  It oversimplifies the complexity of social classes today
• How do students learn the elaborated code?

  Throughout their schooling
• What happens when students deviate from the elaborated code?

  It may lead to clashes with authority
• What do critics of cultural deprivation theorists argue about the restricted code?

  It is not inferior to the elaborated code
• How are ethnicity and class related in education?

  They are intersectional and influence each other
• What did Berita and Engelman find about non-native speakers in the 1960s?

  They had little opportunity to practice English at home
• Which ethnic group was found to have lower educational achievements due to language practice?

  Bangladeshi pupils
• What language style do some minority ethnic groups adopt?

  Colloquial language such as patois
• How are non-native speakers perceived in education?

  As less intelligent due to language use
• What did the Swan Report find about non-native speakers by secondary school?

  They have similar language abilities to native speakers
• What is a more plausible explanation for educational struggles of non-native speakers?

  Clashes with authority due to language differences
• What does the performance of Indian and Chinese students suggest?

  Multilingual students can outperform English-only speakers
• What are the key points about linguistic differences in education?

  • Linguistic differences impact educational achievement.
  • Middle class students use elaborated code.
  • Working class students use restricted code.
  • Non-native speakers have diverse language backgrounds.
  • Critics argue restricted code is not inferior.
  • Multilingual students can outperform native speakers.