the primary non-specific defences

• what are the 6 primary non specific defences against pathogens in animals


  mucous membrane - protect exposed openings (mucus used)

  Skin - physical barrier/ releases chemicals (lowers pH inhibit growth)

  Blood clotting - plug wounds (physical barrier)

  Expulsive reflexes - repels foreign objects (coughing/sneezing)

  Wound repair - collagen used

  Inflammation - helps isolate the pathogens
• what is the structure of an antibody?

  antibody:

  A) antigen

  B) antigen binding site

  C) variable region

  D) constant region

  E) light chain

  F) hinge region

  G) heavy chain

  H) disulfide bridges